Project 4: Comprehension of Health Risks in More and Less Arousing Affe

摘要 烟草使用仍然是美国最大的可预防的死亡来源。此应用程序响应 TD《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》，该法案赋予食品和药物管理局 美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)对许多烟草产品的制造和营销的监管机构。公众观感 了解烟草对健康的影响是FDA监管机构的核心责任 对公共健康教育工作的权威，包括对图形警告、广告和 新产品/修改后的风险烟草产品的测定。项目4旨在研究心理机制 影响公众对烟草产品的认知，因为它们在影响 戒除意图和用法。我们特别关注情感唤醒在发出警告方面的作用。 香烟包装更有效，同时，它在品牌广告和推广中的作用可能会使 烟草产品的风险似乎较小。情感唤醒很重要，因为它的存在与 改善长期记忆和对信息的理解。通过试验性的情感操控 唤起线索(图形图像和吸烟线索)，这项研究有三个目的，旨在确定方法 最大限度地提高健康信息的长期有效性。在目标1中，我们将通过实验测试图形的效果 对基于文本的吸烟风险信息的短期和长期理解的图像(唤醒程度不同)。至 为了实现这一目标，我们建议将136名成年吸烟者和136名青少年吸烟者随机分配到不同的成像条件下 在唤醒(无图像、低、中或高唤醒)和时间点(立即、一周或六周) 几周)，以测试风险理解、感知和使用。我们预测将会产生更多激动人心的画面 更长远的理解。Aim 2使用了类似的设计，并检查了唤醒对长期理解的影响 数量上的健康风险。我们假设数字信息将被更好地理解 随着时间的推移，在更多令人兴奋的警告图像存在的情况下，以及在具有更强数字能力的个体中。 在目标2a中，我们测试了154名成年人和154名青少年吸烟者的绝对和相对风险，而目标2b包括 154名成年吸烟者，并检查百分比与频率形式。最后，对于目标3，我们将在实验中 测试支持吸烟线索的存在和不存在，以检查对理解的影响 成人吸烟者(N=154)和青少年吸烟者(N=154)在暴露以及一周和六周时的健康风险。我们假设 吸烟提示的存在将产生与警告图像相反的效果，增加人们的感知 吸烟的风险更小。

Abstract Tobacco use remains the largest preventable source of mortality in the United States. This application responds td the "Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act," which gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over the manufacture and marketing of many tobacco products. Public perceptions and understanding of tobacco's health consequences are central responsibilities of FDA's regulatory authority over public-health education efforts, including the regulation of graphic warnings, advertising, and new product/Modified Risk Tobacco Product determinations. Project 4 aims to study psychological mechanisms that influence the public's perceptions of tobacco products because of the central role they play in influencing quit intentions and usage. In particular, we focus on the role of affective arousal in making warnings on cigarette packs more effective, while at the same time, its role in brand advertising and promotion may make tobacco products appear less risky. Affective arousal is important because its presence has been linked with improved long-term memory and understanding of information. By experimentally manipulating affectively arousing cues (graphic images and smoking cues), this research has three aims designed to identify ways to maximize long-term effectiveness of health information. In Aim 1, we will experimentally test effects of graphic images (that vary in arousal) on understanding of text-based smoking-risk information short- and long-term. To fulfill this aim, we propose to randomize 136 adult and 136 adolescent smokers to an image condition that varies in arousal (no image, low, medium, or high arousal) and to a time point (immediate, one week, or six weeks) to test risk understanding, perceptions, arid use. We predict that more arousing images will produce greater long-term understanding. Aim 2 uses a similar design and examines arousal effects on long-term understanding of numerical health risks. We hypothesize that numerical information will be better understood over time in the presence of more arousing warning images and among individuals with greater numeric ability. In Aim 2a, we test absolute and relative risks with 154 adult arid 154 adolescent smokers whereas Aim 2b includes 154 adult smokers and examines percentage vs. frequency formats. Finally, for Aim 3, we will experimentally test the presence vs. absence of pro-tobacco smoking cues to examine effects on understanding of health risks at exposure and one and six weeks with adult (N=154) and adolescent (N=154) smokers. We hypothesize that the presence of smoking cues will have opposite effects of warning images, increasing perceptions that smoking is less risky.