Project 4: Comprehension of Health Risks in More and Less Arousing Affe

摘要 烟草使用仍然是美国最大的可预防死亡来源。此应用程序响应 《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法案》，该法案赋予食品和药物管理局 (FDA)对许多烟草产品的生产和销售的监管机构。公众看法 了解烟草对健康的影响是FDA监管部门的核心职责。 公共卫生教育工作的权力，包括图形警告，广告， 新产品/改良风险烟草产品的确定。项目4旨在研究心理机制 影响公众对烟草制品的看法，因为它们在影响公众对烟草制品的看法方面发挥着核心作用。 放弃意图和使用。特别是，我们专注于情感唤醒在警告中的作用， 香烟包装更有效，同时，其在品牌广告和推广中的作用可能使 烟草制品的风险似乎较小。情感唤起很重要，因为它的存在与 改善长期记忆和对信息的理解。通过实验性的情感操纵 唤起线索（图形图像和吸烟线索），本研究有三个目的，旨在确定方法， 最大限度地提高卫生信息的长期有效性。在目标1中，我们将通过实验测试图形的效果 图像（唤醒程度不同）对理解基于文本的吸烟风险信息的短期和长期影响。到 为了达到这个目的，我们建议随机选择136名成年吸烟者和136名青少年吸烟者， 在唤醒中（无图像，低、中或高唤醒）和时间点（立即、一周或六周 周），以测试风险的理解，感知，和使用。我们预测，更多令人兴奋的图像将产生 更长远的理解。目标2采用了类似的设计，并检查唤醒对长期理解的影响 健康风险的数字。我们假设数字信息会被更好地理解 随着时间的推移，在更令人兴奋的警告图像的存在下，以及在具有更大数字能力的个体中， 在目标2a中，我们测试了154名成人和154名青少年吸烟者的绝对和相对风险，而目标2b包括 154名成年吸烟者，并检查百分比与频率格式。最后，对于目标3，我们将通过实验 测试是否存在亲烟草吸烟线索，以检查对理解 成人（N=154）和青少年（N = 154）吸烟者暴露时以及1周和6周时的健康风险。我们假设 吸烟提示的存在会产生与警告图像相反的效果， 吸烟的风险更小。

Abstract Tobacco use remains the largest preventable source of mortality in the United States. This application responds td the "Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act," which gave the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over the manufacture and marketing of many tobacco products. Public perceptions and understanding of tobacco's health consequences are central responsibilities of FDA's regulatory authority over public-health education efforts, including the regulation of graphic warnings, advertising, and new product/Modified Risk Tobacco Product determinations. Project 4 aims to study psychological mechanisms that influence the public's perceptions of tobacco products because of the central role they play in influencing quit intentions and usage. In particular, we focus on the role of affective arousal in making warnings on cigarette packs more effective, while at the same time, its role in brand advertising and promotion may make tobacco products appear less risky. Affective arousal is important because its presence has been linked with improved long-term memory and understanding of information. By experimentally manipulating affectively arousing cues (graphic images and smoking cues), this research has three aims designed to identify ways to maximize long-term effectiveness of health information. In Aim 1, we will experimentally test effects of graphic images (that vary in arousal) on understanding of text-based smoking-risk information short- and long-term. To fulfill this aim, we propose to randomize 136 adult and 136 adolescent smokers to an image condition that varies in arousal (no image, low, medium, or high arousal) and to a time point (immediate, one week, or six weeks) to test risk understanding, perceptions, arid use. We predict that more arousing images will produce greater long-term understanding. Aim 2 uses a similar design and examines arousal effects on long-term understanding of numerical health risks. We hypothesize that numerical information will be better understood over time in the presence of more arousing warning images and among individuals with greater numeric ability. In Aim 2a, we test absolute and relative risks with 154 adult arid 154 adolescent smokers whereas Aim 2b includes 154 adult smokers and examines percentage vs. frequency formats. Finally, for Aim 3, we will experimentally test the presence vs. absence of pro-tobacco smoking cues to examine effects on understanding of health risks at exposure and one and six weeks with adult (N=154) and adolescent (N=154) smokers. We hypothesize that the presence of smoking cues will have opposite effects of warning images, increasing perceptions that smoking is less risky.