Neural mechanisms of social influence on risky decisions in cocaine dependence

项目摘要/摘要 在美国和全世界，导致死亡的主要原因包括药物使用障碍 以及导致性传播疾病的危险性行为，包括人类免疫缺陷 病毒(艾滋病毒)感染(NIDA，2010年；CDC，2011,2012年；世卫组织，2008年)。同伴的负面影响是一个主要风险。 早期开始使用药物和其他危险行为的因素(Pfeifer等人，2011年)。然而，集团- 众所周知，有基础的干预和积极的社会支持也有助于成功戒除 物质使用和成瘾行为(Hayes等人，2006年；Ouimette等人，1997年；Simoni等人，2007年)。因此， 社会影响的贡献取决于影响的背景和性质。然而， 容易受到社会影响的潜在机制得到的调查有限。在这里，我们结合了 功能神经成像和一种新的决策范式的变体以检查个体如何与 可卡因使用障碍(CUD)在做出关于高风险选择的决定时会产生社会影响。 我们的广泛假设是，扰乱了对来自社会他人的信息的神经行为处理 有助于维持物质使用障碍，并可能解释为什么其他有风险的人有 对那些从事物质使用的人产生异常大的影响。我们结合了功能神经成像和 以模型为基础的行为经济学方法在CUD参与者中检验这一假设。具体来说，在目标1中， 我们测试了CUD个人是否比来自安全机构的信息更看重来自有风险的他人的信息 其他人，从而增加了从事危险行为的可能性。在目标2中，我们测试了 关于高风险选择的信息来源指导决策，从而自愿寻求 来自社会他人的信息比外部信息对决策的影响更大 提供的(以及非自愿获得的)。在这两个目标中，我们建议在CUD个体进行扫描时 单独和在一个小组内做出关于高风险选择的决定，并测试其他人对受试者决定的影响。 这种通用的方法使我们能够检查与 社会影响对高风险决策的有利和不利影响，因此对 了解无序物质使用的开始和预防。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT In the United States and worldwide, the leading causes of mortality include substance use disorders and risky sexual behaviors that contribute to sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (NIDA, 2010; CDC, 2011, 2012; WHO, 2008). Negative peer influence is a major risk factor for early initiation of substance use and other risky behaviors (Pfeifer et al., 2011). However, group- based interventions and positive social supports are also known to be beneficial for successful cessation of substance use and addictive behaviors (Hayes et al., 2006; Ouimette et al., 1997; Simoni et al., 2007). Thus, social influences contribute differentially depend on the context and nature of the influence. Yet, the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to social influence have received limited investigation. Here, we combine functional neuroimaging and variants of a novel decision-making paradigm to examine how individuals with cocaine use disorder (CUD) process and use social influence when making decisions about risky options. Our broad hypothesis is that disrupted neurobehavioral processing of information from social others contributes to the maintenance of substance use disorders and may explain why risky others have an unusually large impact on those who engage in substance use. We combine functional neuroimaging and a model-based behavioral economics approach to test this hypothesis in CUD participants. Specifically, in Aim 1, we test the possibility that CUD individuals value information from risky others more than information from safe others, thus contributing to increased likelihood to engage in risky behaviors. In Aim 2, we test the possibility that the source of information about risky options guides decision-making such that voluntarily sought information from social others is more influential to decision-making than is information that is externally provided (and involuntarily acquired). In both Aims, we propose to scan CUD individuals as they make decisions about risky options alone and within a group and test the influence of others on subjects' decisions. This general approach allows us to examine the neurobehavioral processes associated with both the beneficial and detrimental effects of social influence on risky decision-making and thus has implications for understanding both the onset and prevention of disordered substance use.