Timing, reward processing and choice

时间安排、奖励处理和选择

• 批准号: 9270593
• 负责人: Kimberly Kirkpatrick
• 金额: $ 33.75万
• 依托单位: KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-05-20 至 2020-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9270593
• 关键词: Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Award; Behavior; Biological Assay; Choice Behavior; Comorbidity; Discrimination; Disease; Drug abuse; Drug usage; Effectiveness; Elements; Exhibits; Foundations; Future; Gambling; Goals; Health; Human; Impulsive Behavior; Impulsivity; Individual; Individual Differences; Intervention; Laboratories; Link; National Institute of Mental Health; Nature; Neurocognitive; Obesity; Parkinson Disease; Pathologic; Pathological Gambling; Pathway interactions; Personality; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pre-Clinical Model; Problem behavior; Process; Psyche structure; Rattus; Research; Rewards; Rodent; Rodent Model; Role; Route; Self-control as a personality trait; Source; Substance abuse problem; Testing; Time; Treatment Efficacy; base; endophenotype; improved; pre-clinical; public health relevance; reward processing; substance abuse treatment; successful intervention; trait; trait impulsivity

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Individual differences in impulsive behavior have received growing attention, particularly because impulsive choice is a primary endophenotype that predicts a wide range of problem behaviors. Impulsive choice occurs when choosing between a smaller reward that is available after a shorter delay (SS) and a larger reward after a longer delay (LL). Impulsive individuals tend to choose the SS reward even when the LL is more advantageous. Impulsive choice is a trait in humans, and in rats, and trait impulsive choice has been indicated as a primary endophenotype for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). High levels of impulsive choice are also associated with substance abuse, pathological gambling, and obesity as well as several other diseases and disorders. While impulsive choice is clearly related to a number of human health problems, identifying whether an individual is impulsive is not sufficient. Growing evidence suggests that there are two distinct pathways to impulsivity: one through deficits in time processing and one through deficits in reward processing. In addition to developing assays for identifying the contribution of timing and reward processes to impulsive choice in our previous NIMH award, upon which this renewal is based, we implemented several different time-based neurocognitive interventions that successfully promoted self-control. We found that the interventions operated to improve core timing processes by increasing temporal discrimination abilities. The present proposal therefore seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the two pathways to impulsivity, and to expand on our previously developed time-based interventions to moderate individual differences in impulsive choice. Aim 1 will determine the durability and generalizability of the time-based neurocognitive interventions, which is important for determining their efficacy for future translational applications. Aim 2 will isolate the mechanisms of action of the time-based interventions. We propose two separate time-based mechanisms that improve self-control: (1) improving delay tolerance, which leads to an increased ability to wait for longer delays, and (2) increasing temporal discrimination, which promotes the ability to make well-informed choices. Aim 2 will determine the nature and degree of contribution of these two components to the effectiveness of the time- based interventions. Aim 3 will employ either time-based or reward-based interventions to override deficits in timing and/or reward processing, providing different pathways to improving self-control. The combined set of studies will significantly advance our understanding of the functioning of the two pathways to impulsivity and will deepen our understanding of the neuro-cognitive interventions to increase their translational potential.

 描述（由申请人提供）：冲动行为的个体差异受到越来越多的关注，特别是因为冲动选择是一种主要的内在表型，可预测各种问题行为。当在较短延迟（SS）后获得的较小奖励和较长延迟（LL）后获得的较大奖励之间进行选择时，会发生冲动选择。冲动的个体倾向于选择SS奖励，即使LL更有利。冲动选择是人类和大鼠的一种特质，并且特质冲动选择已被指示为注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的主要内表型。高水平的冲动选择也与药物滥用、病态赌博、肥胖以及其他几种疾病和紊乱有关。虽然冲动的选择显然与许多人类健康问题有关，但确定一个人是否冲动是不够的。越来越多的证据表明，冲动有两种不同的途径：一种是通过时间处理的缺陷，另一种是通过奖励处理的缺陷。除了在我们之前的NIMH奖项中开发用于识别时机和奖励过程对冲动选择的贡献的分析之外，我们还实施了几种不同的基于时间的神经认知干预，成功地促进了自我控制。我们发现，干预措施的运作，以改善核心时序过程，增加时间的歧视能力。因此，本建议旨在更深入地了解冲动的两种途径，并扩展我们以前开发的基于时间的干预措施，以缓和冲动选择的个体差异。目标1将确定基于时间的神经认知干预的持久性和普遍性，这对于确定其在未来翻译应用中的有效性非常重要。目标2将分离基于时间的干预措施的作用机制。我们提出了两个独立的基于时间的机制，提高自我控制：（1）提高延迟容忍度，这导致等待更长时间延迟的能力增加，（2）增加时间辨别力，这促进了做出明智选择的能力。目标2将确定这两个组成部分对基于时间的干预措施的有效性的贡献的性质和程度。目标3将采用基于时间或基于奖励的干预措施来克服时间和/或奖励处理的缺陷，提供不同的途径来改善自我控制。这些研究的结合将大大推进我们对冲动性两种途径功能的理解，并加深我们对神经认知干预的理解，以增加其转化潜力。