Childhood Misfortune and Adult Health among Black, White, and Hispanic Americans

黑人、白人和西班牙裔美国人的童年不幸和成年后健康 项目摘要/摘要 最近的流行病学研究提供了令人信服的证据，表明负面事件和经历 在生活中会加速许多成人慢性病的发生和发展。尽管证据越来越多， 这些关系的确切机制仍然是一个持续辩论的主题。这样做的目的是 因此，该项目旨在阐明减少有害健康后果的机制和途径 童年时期的负性接触。 我们调查了成人国家迫切需要的健康状况(心血管疾病)的早期起源 和认知能力下降)，以及变老的倾向，没有身体和认知障碍，这 我们称之为超凡长寿。我们寻求确定能够为不同的美国群体提供支持的资源 以优化他们的健康和长寿，即使在他们早年面临相当大的不幸之后。我们假设 慢性炎症是生命过程压力对健康造成损害的关键途径，但 生命过程中的社会、心理和社区资源可降低健康风险。 虽然现有的大多数关于这一主题的研究都是针对白人成年人的，但本研究调查的是 对于黑人、白人和西班牙裔美国人来说，这种机制是否有所不同。社会支持等资源 不同种族和民族的健康生活方式各不相同，这表明调查不同的 改善的机制。 我们使用来自健康和退休研究(HRS)的八波数据来测试，这些数据组织在两项研究中 假设。研究一检查了2004年19,630名成年人(年龄51岁以上)的数据，他们每两年重新接受一次采访， 提供了14年的观察。研究2使用了2010年10,325名成年人(51岁以上)的信息， 纳入了2015年启动的生活史调查的丰富数据。具体目标有三个： 1.确定儿童期暴露与心血管疾病风险之间关系的中介因素 在黑人、白人和西班牙裔成年人中。 2.研究儿童期暴露与认知能力下降之间的关系--这是风险的早期指标 阿尔茨海默氏症和相关疾病(ADRD)-在黑人、白人和西班牙裔成年人中 以及两国关系的潜在调解人。 3.阐明童年接触和超常长寿之间的关系，并确定资源 使黑人、白人和西班牙裔成年人在身体和认知方面都没有损伤 以后的生活。 根据上述目标得出的假设，将通过各种多变量分析进行检验。 评估儿童时期暴露对结果的直接和间接影响的技术，通过正式的测试 调解和温和。

Childhood Misfortune and Adult Health among Black, White, and Hispanic Americans Project Summary/Abstract Recent epidemiologic research provides compelling evidence that negative events and experiences early in life hasten the onset and progression of numerous adult chronic diseases. Despite the growing evidence, the precise mechanisms for these relationships remain a subject of continuing debate. The purpose of this project, therefore, is to explicate mechanisms and pathways to reduce harmful health consequences of negative childhood exposures. We investigate the early origins of adult health conditions of urgent national need (cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline) as well as the propensity to grow older free of physical and cognitive impairment, which we refer to as exceptional longevity. We seek to identify resources that empower diverse groups of Americans to optimize their health and longevity, even after facing considerable misfortune early in life. We hypothesize that chronic inflammation is a critical pathway by which life course stressors exact a toll on health but that social, psychological, and community resources over the life course reduce health risks. Although most of the extant research on the topic examines White adults, the present study investigates whether the mechanisms vary for Black, White, and Hispanic Americans. Resources such as social support and health lifestyles vary across racial and ethnic communities, suggesting the value of investigating distinct mechanisms for amelioration. We use eight waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), organized in two studies, to test hypotheses. Study 1 examines data from 19,630 adults (age 51+) in 2004 who are re-interviewed biennially, providing 14 years of observation. Study 2 uses information from 10,325 adults (age 51+) in 2010, incorporating rich data from the Life History Surveys launched in 2015. There are three specific aims: 1. To identify mediators of the relationship between childhood exposures and risk of cardiovascular diseases among Black, White, and Hispanic adults. 2. To examine the relationship between childhood exposures and cognitive decline—an early indicator of risk for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD)—among Black, White, and Hispanic adults as well as the potential mediators of the relationship. 3. To explicate relationships between childhood exposures and exceptional longevity and identify resources that enable Black, White, and Hispanic adults to be free of both physical and cognitive impairment in later life. The hypotheses, derived from the above aims, will be tested with a variety of multivariate analytic techniques to estimate direct and indirect effects of childhood exposures on the outcomes, with formal tests of mediation and moderation.