Disparities in the Life Course Origins of Cognitive Decline

认知衰退的生命过程起源的差异 项目摘要/摘要 越来越多的研究表明，黑人(非裔美国人)和西班牙裔美国人有明显的 认知障碍和痴呆症的患病率和发病率高于白人(非西班牙裔) 美国人1-3尽管有证据，但造成这种差异的原因仍然是一个持续辩论的主题。在……里面 此外，关于认知衰退的纵向研究的相对温和的文献也参差不齐。 一些研究表明下降速度相同或较慢，4-6和其他研究报告的下降速度更快 7-9这些发现的差异可能是由于生活的不同 认知衰退的原因。这个项目的目的是阐明认知的生命历程起源。 衰退和调停这些关系的资源。 我们调查了生活过程中的压力源对晚年认知衰退风险的影响。 黑人、白人和西班牙裔美国人以及降低认知能力下降风险的资源 这三组人。我们关注认知衰退--阿尔茨海默氏症发展的一个重要标志 疾病及相关疾病(ADRD)-并寻求确定支持不同群体的资源 美国人可以降低早期认知能力下降的风险。我们假设慢性炎症是一种 应激源在生命过程中积累的机制会对认知功能造成影响，但这 这是可以通过社会、心理和社区资源来补救的。尽管现有的大多数研究 在对白人成年人的研究中，本研究调查了黑人的机制是否有所不同， 白人和西班牙裔美国人。社会关系和生活方式因素等资源因种族而异 和族裔社区，这表明了调查不同的改善机制的价值。 我们使用来自健康和退休研究(HRS)的八波数据来测试，这些数据组织在两项研究中 假设。研究一检查了2004年9872名成年人(65岁以上)的数据，他们每两年重新接受一次采访， 提供了14年的观察。研究2使用了2010年9879名成年人(65岁以上)的信息，包括 2015年和2017年启动的生活史调查提供了丰富的数据。具体目标有三个： 1.考察生活压力源与认知衰退之间关系的差异-- ADRD风险的重要标志。 2.确定慢性炎症是否是生活压力源影响认知的一种机制 在黑人、白人和西班牙裔老年人中出现下降。 3.确定可能调节生命历程之间关系的生命历程资源 黑人、白人和西班牙裔老年人的压力源和认知能力下降是明显的。

Disparities in the Life Course Origins of Cognitive Decline Project Summary/Abstract A growing number of studies reveal that Black (African American) and Hispanic Americans have markedly higher prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia than do White (non-Hispanic) Americans.1-3 Despite the evidence, the reasons for the disparities remain a subject of continuing debate. In addition, the relatively modest literature on longitudinal studies of cognitive decline have been mixed, with some studies demonstrating equivalent or slower rates of decline,4-6 and others reporting faster rates of decline for minorities compared to older Whites.7-9 Discrepancies in these findings may be due to differences in the life course origins of cognitive decline. The purpose of this project is to explicate the life course origins of cognitive decline and the resources that mediate those relationships. We investigate the influence of life course stressors on the risk of cognitive decline in later life among Black, White, and Hispanic Americans as well as the resources that reduce the risk of cognitive decline in these three groups. We focus on cognitive decline—an important hallmark of the development of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders (ADRD)—and seek to identify resources that empower diverse groups of Americans to reduce the risk of early cognitive decline. We hypothesize that chronic inflammation is a mechanism by which stressors accumulated over the life course exact a toll on cognitive functioning but that this is remediable via social, psychological, and community resources. Although most of the extant research on the topic examines White adults, the present study investigates whether the mechanisms vary for Black, White, and Hispanic Americans. Resources such as social relationships and lifestyle factors vary across racial and ethnic communities, suggesting the value of investigating distinct mechanisms for amelioration. We use eight waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), organized in two studies, to test hypotheses. Study 1 examines data from 9,872 adults (age 65+) in 2004 who are re-interviewed biennially, providing 14 years of observation. Study 2 uses information from 9,879 adults (age 65+) in 2010, incorporating rich data from the Life History Surveys launched in 2015 and 2017. There are three specific aims: 1. To examine disparities in the relationships between life course stressors and cognitive decline—an important hallmark of the risk of ADRD. 2. To identify whether chronic inflammation is a mechanism for how life course stressors influence cognitive decline among Black, White, and Hispanic older adults. 3. To determine if the life course resources that potentially mediate the relationships between life course stressors and cognitive decline are distinct for Black, White, and Hispanic older adults.