Licit Abused Drugs

项目摘要/摘要 咖啡因是一种广泛使用的药物，可能会导致或加剧焦虑、失眠、恐慌症发作， 高血压、大小便失禁、胃肠功能障碍和妊娠期间的问题。虽然咖啡因 咖啡因通常与威胁生命的健康风险无关，但咖啡因最近一直是FDA的研究对象 监管方面的担忧。一些人变得临床上依赖咖啡因，无法减少或戒除咖啡因。 尽管出于医学原因想要使用咖啡因，但仍在使用。咖啡因可能既是一种重要的预测指标，也是一种 药物滥用易感性的决定因素。同时摄入咖啡因和酒精被认为与 鲁莽行为和与酒精相关的伤害增加。一系列三项人体实验室研究和一项 流行病学调查研究将扩展先前调查咖啡因临床药理学的研究 作为了解药物使用障碍的模式系统。每一项研究都是先前研究的直接延伸 对这一赠款项目进行的研究。一项实验室研究将调查咖啡因的选择作为预测 包括尼古丁和氢可酮在内的一组药理上不同的药物的滥用可能性，它们是 特别令人关注的滥用物质。第二项实验室研究将调查咖啡因的影响。 滥用责任的维护(包括主观效果和毒品强化的措施) 尼古丁通过电子烟(电子烟)传递给从不吸烟的人。第三项实验室研究将 确定咖啡因与酒精的共同消费是否会增加金钱行为指标的风险承担 以及艾滋病毒风险决策。所有这三项实验室研究都可能具有重要的公共教育和监管 这意味着什么。例如，研究结果表明，咖啡因是易感性的预测或决定因素 阿片类药物或尼古丁等药物的物质使用障碍与医疗实践和公众有关 政策。流行病学调查研究将在一般人群样本中确定患病率、程度 功能损害和咖啡因使用障碍的相关性，最近被纳入DSM-5作为 进一步研究的条件。准确的患病率估计和人口统计相关知识可能是 在制定治疗干预措施方面很重要，而评估临床上有意义的损害是关键 以评估诊断的有效性。调查结果还可能鼓励将咖啡因包括在 对目前不含咖啡因的药物使用和健康进行更大规模的国家流行病学调查。在……里面 除了每项研究的具体贡献外，咖啡因作为模型系统的调查 了解物质依赖应与预防和预防的发展具有广泛相关性 药物滥用和依赖的治疗策略。来自该项目的数据将有助于科学地 了解药物滥用，并最终将有助于制定更好的预防和 治疗程序。

Project Summary/Abstract Caffeine is a widely consumed drug that may cause or exacerbate anxiety, insomnia, panic attacks, hypertension, urinary incontinence, gastrointestinal disturbance, and problems in pregnancy. Although caffeine is not generally associated with life-threatening health risks, caffeine has been the subject of recent FDA regulatory concerns. Some people become clinically dependent on caffeine and are unable to cut back or quit caffeine use despite wanting to for medical reasons. Caffeine may be both an important predictor and a determinant of vulnerability to substance abuse. Co-ingesting caffeine and alcohol has been implicated in increases in reckless behavior and alcohol-related injury. A series of three human laboratory studies and one epidemiological survey study will extend previous research investigating the clinical pharmacology of caffeine as a model system for understanding substance use disorders. Each of the studies is a direct extension of prior research conducted on this grant project. One laboratory study will investigate caffeine choice as a predictor of abuse potential of a pharmacologically diverse group of drugs including nicotine and hydrocodone, which are of particular concern as abused substances. A second laboratory study will investigate the effect of caffeine maintenance on the abuse liability (including measures of subjective effects and drug reinforcement) of nicotine delivered via electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to never-smokers. The third laboratory study will determine if co-consumption of caffeine with alcohol increases risk-taking on behavioral measures of monetary and HIV risk decisions. All three laboratory studies may have important public education and regulatory implications. For example, findings indicating that caffeine is a predictor or determinant of vulnerability to substance use disorders for drugs such as opioids or nicotine would be relevant to medical practice and public policy. The epidemiological survey study will determine, in a general population sample, the prevalence, extent of functional impairment, and correlates of Caffeine Use Disorder, which was recently included in DSM-5 as a condition for further study. An accurate prevalence estimate and knowledge of demographic correlates may be important in developing treatment interventions, while assessment of clinically meaningful impairment is critical to assessing the validity of the diagnosis. The survey results may also encourage the inclusion of caffeine in important larger national epidemiological surveys of drug use and health that currently exclude caffeine. In addition to the specific contributions of each of the studies, the investigation of caffeine as a model system for understanding substance dependence should have broad relevance to the development of prevention and treatment strategies for substance abuse and dependence. Data from this project will contribute to a scientific understanding of drug abuse and will ultimately contribute to the development of improved prevention and treatment procedures.