Licit Abused Drugs

项目总结/摘要 咖啡因是一种广泛消费的药物，可能会导致或加剧焦虑，失眠，恐慌发作， 高血压、尿失禁、胃肠道紊乱和妊娠问题。虽然咖啡因 通常与危及生命的健康风险无关，咖啡因一直是最近FDA 监管问题。有些人成为临床依赖咖啡因，无法削减或退出 咖啡因的使用，尽管出于医学原因想要。咖啡因可能既是一个重要的预测因子， 易受药物滥用影响的决定因素。同时摄入咖啡因和酒精 鲁莽行为和酒精相关伤害的增加。一系列的三个人类实验室研究和一个 一项流行病学调查研究将扩展先前调查咖啡因临床药理学的研究 作为理解物质使用障碍的模型系统。每项研究都是对先前研究的直接延伸。 对该项目进行的研究。一项实验室研究将调查咖啡因的选择作为一个预测因素， 包括尼古丁和氢可酮在内的多种药物的滥用潜力， 作为滥用物质而受到特别关注。第二项实验室研究将调查咖啡因的作用 维持滥用责任（包括主观影响和药物强化措施） 尼古丁通过电子香烟（电子香烟）传递给从不吸烟者。第三项实验室研究将 确定咖啡因与酒精的共同消费是否会增加金钱行为措施的风险承担 和艾滋病风险决策。所有这三项实验室研究都可能具有重要的公众教育和监管意义。 影响例如，研究结果表明，咖啡因是一个预测或决定脆弱性， 阿片类药物或尼古丁等药物的物质使用障碍将与医疗实践和公众相关 政策流行病学调查研究将在一般人口抽样中确定 咖啡因使用障碍（Caffeine Use Disorder），最近被列入DSM-5， 进一步研究的条件。准确的患病率估计和人口统计学相关知识可能是 重要的是制定治疗干预措施，而临床上有意义的损害评估是至关重要的 来评估诊断的有效性调查结果还可能鼓励将咖啡因纳入 重要的、更大规模的全国吸毒和健康流行病学调查，目前不包括咖啡因。在 除了每项研究的具体贡献外，咖啡因作为模型系统的研究 理解药物依赖性应与预防和治疗的发展具有广泛的相关性， 药物滥用和依赖的治疗策略。该项目的数据将有助于科学 并将最终有助于发展更好的预防和 治疗程序。

Project Summary/Abstract Caffeine is a widely consumed drug that may cause or exacerbate anxiety, insomnia, panic attacks, hypertension, urinary incontinence, gastrointestinal disturbance, and problems in pregnancy. Although caffeine is not generally associated with life-threatening health risks, caffeine has been the subject of recent FDA regulatory concerns. Some people become clinically dependent on caffeine and are unable to cut back or quit caffeine use despite wanting to for medical reasons. Caffeine may be both an important predictor and a determinant of vulnerability to substance abuse. Co-ingesting caffeine and alcohol has been implicated in increases in reckless behavior and alcohol-related injury. A series of three human laboratory studies and one epidemiological survey study will extend previous research investigating the clinical pharmacology of caffeine as a model system for understanding substance use disorders. Each of the studies is a direct extension of prior research conducted on this grant project. One laboratory study will investigate caffeine choice as a predictor of abuse potential of a pharmacologically diverse group of drugs including nicotine and hydrocodone, which are of particular concern as abused substances. A second laboratory study will investigate the effect of caffeine maintenance on the abuse liability (including measures of subjective effects and drug reinforcement) of nicotine delivered via electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) to never-smokers. The third laboratory study will determine if co-consumption of caffeine with alcohol increases risk-taking on behavioral measures of monetary and HIV risk decisions. All three laboratory studies may have important public education and regulatory implications. For example, findings indicating that caffeine is a predictor or determinant of vulnerability to substance use disorders for drugs such as opioids or nicotine would be relevant to medical practice and public policy. The epidemiological survey study will determine, in a general population sample, the prevalence, extent of functional impairment, and correlates of Caffeine Use Disorder, which was recently included in DSM-5 as a condition for further study. An accurate prevalence estimate and knowledge of demographic correlates may be important in developing treatment interventions, while assessment of clinically meaningful impairment is critical to assessing the validity of the diagnosis. The survey results may also encourage the inclusion of caffeine in important larger national epidemiological surveys of drug use and health that currently exclude caffeine. In addition to the specific contributions of each of the studies, the investigation of caffeine as a model system for understanding substance dependence should have broad relevance to the development of prevention and treatment strategies for substance abuse and dependence. Data from this project will contribute to a scientific understanding of drug abuse and will ultimately contribute to the development of improved prevention and treatment procedures.