COCAINE EFFECTS ON ATTENTION AND AROUSAL IN NEONATES

我们推测由于可卡因对大脑发育的影响 儿茶酚胺系统，产前可卡因暴露(CE)应干扰 婴儿调节和控制性唤醒的能力。这种效果产生了 一种对环境作出反应的风格，其特点是寻求 刺激比平时更多，假设会影响正常 注意力的发展和随后的行为。因此，CE婴儿将 与(A)相比，他们在如何整合唤醒和注意力方面存在差异 Ce婴儿和(B)有其他中枢神经系统危险情况的婴儿。此外， 我们假设这些差异应该持续到前19年 并主要使用需要控制的任务进行检测 刺激的力量。现在有强有力的证据表明，先天性心脏病婴儿倾向于看起来 在更刺激的活动中，无论唤醒的操作是什么 通常会将注意力转移到刺激程度较低的事件上。当前目标 被设计用来操纵虚荣的情况，假设 关于刺激的反应可以被评估。首先，我们预测 婴儿在新生儿期出现CE，与两者的正常情况相反 记录了CNS病理的婴儿和婴儿将显示此信息 在不同汇聚任务中的刺激寻求行为 这种唤醒是通过进食或刺激量来控制的。第二, 我们建议扩大对早期行政长官与其相互作用的研究 注意力和知觉的发育变化决定是否 发展短期记忆和对刺激变化的反应， 复杂的模式和听觉-视觉的同步性被改变。我们预测 那个CE，通过早期唤醒/注意力的底物起作用 组织，会干扰这些的正常发展 在第一年以特定的时间间隔进行评估时的流程。 第三，我们建议确定早期可卡因是否与 接触(A)10岁至10岁之间的知觉和动机发展 19个月，通过集中注意力、分心和 探索性行为和(B)一般认知成长，尤其是 由CNS状态更改。最后，我们希望确定不同的 脑性瘫痪患儿的心理功能发育轨迹观察 反映中枢神经系统损伤、不同的环境体验或 宫内CE研究婴儿使用可卡因的母亲寻求 康复计划。一项为期5年的项目最初研究了384名婴儿， 在完成192个方面的研究后，提出了研究的各个方面。

We hypothesize that because of cocaine's effect on the developing catecholamine system, prenatal cocaine exposure (CE) should interfere with the infant's ability to regulate and control arousal. This effect produces a style of responding to the environment that is characterized by seeking stimulation more than usual and is hypothesized to affect normal development of attention and subsequent behavior. Thus, CE infants will differ in how they integrate arousal and attention as compared to (a) non- CE infants, and (b) infants with other CNS risk conditions. Furthermore, we hypothesize that these differences should persist through the first 19 months of age and be detected primarily using tasks that require control of stimulation. Strong evidence now indicates that CE infants tend to look at more stimulating events regardless of manipulations of arousal that would normally shift attention to less stimulating events. Current aims are designed to manipulate a vanity of situations for which hypothesized responses with respect to stimulation can be evaluated. First, we predict that CE infants during the newborn period, in contrast to both normal infants and infants with documented CNS pathology, will display this stimulus-seeking behavior in a number of different converging tasks in which arousal is manipulated by feeding or amount of stimulation. Second, we propose to extend the study of the interaction of early CE with developmental changes in attention and perception to determine whether development of short-term memory and of response to stimulus change, complex patterns, and auditory-visual synchrony are altered. We predict that CE, acting through the substrate of early arousal/attention organization, will interfere with the normal development of these processes when evaluated at specific intervals during the first year. Third, we propose to determine if there is a relationship of early cocaine exposure with (a) perceptual and motivational development between 10 and 19 months, as measured by focused attention, distractibility, and exploratory behavior and (b) general cognitive growth particularly as altered by CNS status. Finally we wish to determine if the different developmental trajectory of mental function observed in CE infants reflects CNS injury, differential environmental experience, or intrauterine CE by studying infants of cocaine using mothers seeking rehabilitation program. A 5-year project initially studying 384 infants, with 192 completing all aspects of the study is proposed.