Two-process recognition memory: Evidence from ROC curves

描述(由申请人提供)：单过程再认记忆模型假设判断是基于测试探针的熟悉程度。双过程模型假设，基于熟悉度的过程可以由回忆过程的输出补充。两过程模型的一种证据来自使用记忆-知道(R-K)程序的主观报告，即特定的测试项目是否基于回忆或熟悉而被识别(Tulving，1985)。定量模型只是在最近才被应用于R-K判断，并出现了一些候选模型。与认知模型一样，R-K模型也有单过程和双过程两种形式。R-K判断的一维信号检测(SDT)解释最早是由Donaldson(1996)提出的，但Wixted和Stretch(2004)对其进行了扩展。我们提出了一种称为Streak的二维SDT模型(Rotello，Macmilan，&Reeder，2004)。Reder等人还提出了其他两过程模型。(2000)、Yonelinas(2002)和默多克(正在出版)。我们专注于区分这些替代模型，使用ROC曲线和RT分布分析作为主要的方法论工具。目标1和目标3评估SDT模型中假设的可变性的来源。在识别任务中，变异性是由刺激之间的差异引起的，模型通常对所有种类的变异性一视同仁。这是R-K范式中的一种明显的过于简单化：当然，一些项目比其他项目更有可能导致R反应。我们通过在典型的单词识别实验(目标1)中改变刺激特征来解决这个问题，并通过研究人脸记忆(目标3)来解决这个问题。目标2采用不同的方法进行模型评估，重点放在R或K判断之后的“旧”反应的RT分布上。这些分布的统计数据提供了关于判断是否有相同过程的信息。我们利用这一事实来测试R-K决策的模型。这显然是一个基础研究项目。然而，了解健康成年人做出认知判断的机制对于理解脑损伤后或以后生活中可能出现的问题至关重要。这项研究将对健忘症、认知减慢等衰老效应和面孔失认症(无法识别面孔)产生影响；它也与目击者的记忆有关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): One-process models of recognition memory assume that judgments are based on the familiarity of the test probe. Two-process models assume that the familiarity-based process may be supplemented by the output of a recollective process. One type of evidence for two-process models has come from subjective reports of whether a particular test item is recognized on the basis of recollection or familiarity, using a remember-know (R-K) procedure (Tulving, 1985). Quantitative modeling has been applied to R-K judgments only recently, and a number of candidate models have emerged. Like models of recognition, models of R-K come in one- and two-process forms. The one-dimensional signal detection (SDT) explanation of R-K judgments was first proposed by Donaldson (1996) but has been extended by Wixted and Stretch (2004). We proposed a two-dimensional SDT model known as STREAK (Rotello, Macmillan, & Reeder, 2004). Other two-process models have been suggested by Reder et al. (2000), Yonelinas (2002), and Murdock (in press). We focus on distinguishing these alternative models, using ROC curves and analysis of RT distributions as the primary methodological tools. Aims 1 and 3 evaluate the source of the variability assumed in SDT models. In recognition tasks, variability arises from differences among the stimuli, and models typically treat all kinds of variability alike. That this is an obvious oversimplification in the R-K paradigm: surely some items are more likely to lead to R responses than others. We address this issue by varying stimulus characteristics in our typical word-recognition experiments (Aim 1), and by studying memory for faces (Aim 3). Aim 2 takes a different approach to model evaluation, focusing on the RT distributions for "old" responses that are followed by R or K judgments. The statistics of these distributions are informative about whether the same process(es) underlie the judgments. We take advantage of this fact to test models of R-K decisions. This is clearly a basic research program. However, understanding the mechanisms by which recognition judgments are made in healthy adults is critical to understanding the problems that can develop after brain injury or in later life. This research will have implications for amnesia, aging effects such as cognitive slowing, and prosopagnosia (the inability to recognize faces); it is also relevant for eyewitness memory.