Siblings and Deviancy: Social & Genetic Influences

描述(由申请人提供)：这项建议寻求利用一个独特的兄弟姐妹样本(青少年发展项目中非共享环境的参与者或NEAD)，非常适合于解决关键问题，即兄弟姐妹互动如何为青春期和成年期的越轨行为表现提供人际环境。尽管行为遗传学研究一直表明，共同的环境对越轨行为的发展有深远的影响，但很少有人试图将这种联系背后的特定社会过程分离出来。相反，社会过程研究通常没有从遗传关联的角度来评估家庭互动。通过将一个全面的编码系统应用于已经在一个遗传信息丰富的青少年样本中收集到的兄弟姐妹互动的视频，我们建议更好地描述青春期鼓励越轨行为的特定社会强化模式，并确定社会影响如何调节遗传倾向的表达。我们特别关注的是兄弟姐妹之间的互动，这似乎是青春期共享的一个关键环境因素。我们将通过执行TURE的具体目标来实现这些总体目标：(1)利用NEAD的遗传信息设计来确定环境和遗传对兄弟姐妹之间的社会过程的影响大小，这些因素对青春期异常行为的强化是特定的；(2)使用多变量生物统计学模型来确定兄弟姐妹之间的这些特定社会过程是否部分解释了在行为遗传学研究中通常推断的对异常行为的潜在社会和基因影响；(3)探索社会影响对偏差和遗传相关性之间的联系的替代模型(概念和计算)，包括缓和模型以及对违反双胞胎设计的平等环境假设的测试；以及(4)通过将预测扩展到其他结果，特别是吸烟和抑郁症状，来测试兄弟姐妹效应模型的特异性。这四个具体目标的实现将填补我们关于越轨行为的社会影响、兄弟姐妹对社会发展的影响以及最重要的可能是遗传因素与青少年和成人社会发展中的人际环境之间的相互作用的知识的重要空白。这些知识可能被用来修改预防和干预计划，这些计划通常忽略了兄弟姐妹可能对青春期和成年后越轨行为的发展和维持产生的潜在影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal seeks to take advantage of a unique sample of siblings (participants in the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development project or NEAD) ideally suited to address critical issues on how sibling interaction provides an interpersonal context for the expression of deviant behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Although behavioral genetic studies have consistently shown that the shared environment has profound effects on the development of deviancy, there have been few attempts to isolate specific social processes underlying this association. Conversely, social process research has typically not evaluated family interaction from the perspective of genetic relatedness. By applying a comprehensive coding system to already collected videotaped sibling interactions in a genetically informative sample of adolescents, we propose to better characterize specific social reinforcement patterns in adolescence that serve to encourage deviant behavior, and also to determine how social influences may moderate the expression of genetic tendencies. Our specific focus is on sibling interaction, which appears to be a key shared environmental factor in adolescence. We will pursue these overall objectives through the execution of tour specific aims: (1) To utilize the genetically-informative design of the NEAD to determine the effect size of environmental and genetic contributions to social processes between siblings that are specific to reinforcement for deviancy in adolescence; (2) To employ multivariate biometrical models to determine if these specific social processes between siblings explain in part the latent social and genetic influences on deviancy typically inferred in behavioral genetic research; (3) To explore alternative models (both conceptual and computational) for associations between social influences on deviancy and genetic relatedness, including moderation models as well as tests for violations of the Equal Environments Assumption of the twin design; and (4) To test the specificity of the sibling effect model by extending prediction to other outcomes, particularly smoking, and depressive symptoms. The execution of these four specific aims will fill important gaps in our knowledge concerning social effects on deviancy, sibling influence on social development, and, perhaps most importantly, the interplay between genetic factors and interpersonal context in adolescent and adult social development. Such knowledge may be used to modify prevention and intervention programs that typically ignore the potent effects that siblings may have on the development and maintenance of deviant behavior in adolescence and into adulthood.