Enhancing Bystander Efficacy to Prevent Sexual Violence: Extending Primary Preven

提高旁观者预防性暴力的效率：扩大初级预防

• 批准号: 7681470
• 负责人: VICTORIA L BANYARD
• 金额: $ 30万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-09-01 至 2011-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7681470
• 关键词: Enhancing; Bystander; Efficacy; Prevent; Sexual

Description (Provided by Applicant) Importance: While programs addressing youth violence have multiplied and have been subjected to increased empirical evaluation, less has been done to evaluate primary prevention of sexual violence, particularly in the high risk environment of college campuses. Prevention science has demonstrated that prevention messages must begin at an early age and need to be reiterated throughout secondary and post-secondary education. This is especially true for sexual violence, which peaks during the college years. Objective: To extend and evaluate promising preliminary work on preventing sexual violence by using a pro-social bystander approach (Research objective 1B in the current RFA), training and empowering first year college students to actively intervene before, during, and after the occurrence of risky situations in order to ultimately reduce relationship violence. We hypothesize that participants receiving the intervention will consequently manifest reduced acceptance of rape myths, reduction in norms supporting dating violence, increased bystander efficacy, and increased bystander behaviors as well as lower assault proclivity and lower victimization. These gains will be in comparison to a control group which does not receive the program and has lesser exposure to social marketing messages Study Design: The proposed study will use a multi-method approach, a technique strongly recommended in the prevention science literature. It builds on earlier work by this research team which has conducted the first experimental evaluation of a comprehensive bystander program and community-wide bystander-oriented social marketing campaign. We will empirically evaluate the efficacy of two forms of primary prevention: 1) a multi-session, in-person prevention program, and 2) a bystander-oriented social marketing campaign. The research will examine both the independent and combined effects of each preventative strategy. Participants: Seven hundred participants across two college campuses will be used to evaluate the in-person program. They will be recruited from the pool of first year students on each campus and will be randomly assigned to either the prevention or control groups, and will be followed longitudinally for up to 12 months. Settings: Participants will be drawn from two very different college campuses (one campus that is primarily a rural residential campus and another which is a more urban, diverse, commuter school). On both campuses there will be specific focus on the high risk groups of first year college students. Both university communities will be exposed to the bystander-oriented social marketing campaign. Ten percent of each campus will answer questions on their exposure to the social marketing campaign and its impact on their attitudes and behaviors. Interventions: Two methods of prevention will be assessed individually and together in the proposed study. One is a multi-session, in-person educational program that uses active learning strategies and best practices from theory and research on prevention (including the Health Belief Model and founding work on bystander prevention) to teach participants how to be empowered bystanders before, during, or after instances of relationship violence (particularly sexual assault). The second method of prevention, the bystander-oriented social marketing campaign will consist of a multi-method campaign portraying bystander behavior. The "tag line" for the social marketing campaign is "know your power, step in, speak up, you can make a difference." The research team will "blanket" each university with three types of mixed media for 30 days during the first and second year of the proposed research. The first component of the mixed bystander-oriented social marketing campaign is a series of four posters portraying "typical" college scenes explicitly modeling bystander behavior in the prevention of violence against women. The second component of the social marketing campaign consists of "tail-wrapping" eight campus-based shuttle buses with life-size posters of the four social marketing campaign posters. The third campaign component will include products displaying the social marketing campaign tag line, "know your power, step in, speak up, you can make a difference." The marketing products will be distributed to all first year students. It is an important feature of our bystander prevention program model that certain aspects of the program and social marketing campaign are specific to the community in which they are implemented (e.g., students modeling in the posters, examples of incidents of sexual and relationship violence discussed in the in-person program). Outcomes: Outcome measures draw from best practices in sexual violence and dating violence prevention to date, including specific measures of bystander attitudes, efficacy, decisional processes, and actual social behaviors. Measures also include peer norms, rape myth acceptance, and measures of behavioral intent to commit sexual assault and a measure of victimization. The research team believes that effective community based prevention that finds roles for all community members to play in reducing sexual and relationship violence is a key component of primary prevention efforts. The proposed research will enable us to replicate our work in this area on a larger scale in two very different communities serving college-age individuals.

描述(由申请者提供)重要性：虽然针对青少年暴力的方案成倍增加，并受到越来越多的实证评估，但在评估性暴力的初级预防方面做的工作较少，特别是在大学校园的高危环境中。预防科学表明，预防信息必须在很小的时候就开始，并需要在整个中学和中学后教育中重申。性暴力尤其如此，性暴力在大学期间达到顶峰。 目的：通过使用亲社会的旁观者方法(当前RFA的研究目标1B)扩展和评估有前景的防止性暴力的初步工作，培训和授权一年级大学生在危险情况发生之前、期间和之后积极干预，以最终减少关系暴力。我们假设，接受干预的参与者将因此表现出对强奸神话的接受程度降低，支持约会暴力的规范减少，旁观者效能提高，旁观者行为增加，以及更低的攻击倾向和更低的受害程度。这些收益将与没有接受该计划且较少接触社交营销信息的控制组相比 研究设计：建议的研究将使用多种方法，这是一种在预防科学文献中强烈推荐的技术。它建立在这个研究小组早期工作的基础上，该研究小组对一个全面的旁观者计划和社区范围的旁观者导向的社会营销活动进行了第一次试验性评估。我们将经验性地评估两种形式的初级预防的效果：1)多期面对面预防计划，2)以旁观者为导向的社会营销活动。这项研究将检查每种预防策略的独立和综合影响。 参与者：来自两个大学校园的700名参与者将被用来评估面对面的项目。他们将从每个校园的一年级学生中招募，并被随机分配到预防或控制组，并将被纵向跟踪长达12个月。 背景：参与者将来自两个截然不同的大学校园(一个校园主要是农村居民区，另一个校园更多是城市、多样化、通勤的学校)。在这两个校区，都将特别关注一年级学生的高危群体。这两个大学社区都将受到面向旁观者的社会营销活动的影响。每个校园中有10%的人将回答有关他们参与社交营销活动及其对他们的态度和行为的影响的问题。 干预措施：在拟议的研究中，将单独和一起评估两种预防方法。一种是多节课的面对面教育计划，使用预防理论和研究(包括健康信念模型和关于旁观者预防的创始工作)中的积极学习策略和最佳实践，教参与者如何在关系暴力(尤其是性侵犯)发生之前、期间或之后成为旁观者。第二种预防方法是以旁观者为导向的社会营销活动，它将包括一个描绘旁观者行为的多方法活动。社交营销活动的“口号”是“知道你的力量，站出来，大声说出来，你就能有所作为。”在拟议研究的第一年和第二年，研究团队将用三种类型的混合媒体向每所大学“铺天盖地”30天。这场以旁观者为导向的混合社会营销活动的第一个组成部分是一系列四张海报，这些海报描绘了在预防针对女性的暴力行为中明确塑造旁观者行为的“典型”大学场景。社交营销活动的第二个组成部分是用真人大小的海报包裹八辆校园班车，海报上印有四张社交营销活动海报。第三个活动部分将包括展示社交营销活动口号的产品，“了解你的力量，介入，畅所欲言，你可以有所作为。”营销产品将分发给所有一年级学生。这是我们的旁观者预防计划模式的一个重要特征，即计划和社会营销活动的某些方面特定于实施它们的社区(例如，海报中的学生建模，面对面计划中讨论的性暴力和关系暴力事件的例子)。 结果：结果衡量借鉴了迄今为止性暴力和约会暴力预防方面的最佳做法，包括对旁观者态度、效力、决策过程和实际社会行为的具体衡量。衡量标准还包括同伴规范、强奸神话的接受程度、性侵行为意图的衡量标准和受害程度的衡量标准。研究小组认为，有效的基于社区的预防为所有社区成员找到在减少性暴力和关系暴力方面可发挥的作用，是初级预防工作的一个关键组成部分。拟议的研究将使我们能够在两个非常不同的社区中更大范围地复制我们在这一领域的工作，为大学年龄的个人提供服务。