Retinal Mechanisms of Refractive Development

视网膜屈光发育机制

• 批准号: 7751228
• 负责人: Machelle T. Pardue
• 金额: $ 31.95万
• 依托单位: EMORY UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-01-01 至 2013-11-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7751228
• 关键词: American; Asians; Automobile Driving; Behavior Therapy; Biochemical; Biochemical Feedback; Biochemical Pathway; Blindness; Candidate Disease Gene; Cells; Characteristics; Chickens; Contrast Sensitivity; Country; Data; Defect; Detection; Development; Diagnosis; Dimensions; Dopamine; Down-Regulation; Environment; Epidemic; Eye; Eye Development; Feedback; Frequencies; Genes; Goggles; Growth; Human; Hyperopia; Image; Interferometry; Intervention; Knowledge; Laboratories; Length; Measurement; Measures; Microarray Analysis; Modeling; Morphology; Mus; Mutant Strains Mice; Mutation; Myopia; Neurons; Operative Surgical Procedures; Optics; Pathway interactions; Photoreceptors; Population; Prevalence; Refractive Errors; Research; Retina; Retinal; Retinal Cone; Retinal Defect; Retinal Detachment; Risk; Role; Signal Pathway; Signal Transduction; Testing; Transducin; Vertebrate Photoreceptors; Vision; Visual; Visual Accommodation; World Health Organization; base; cost; deprivation; design; insight; lens; mouse model; mutant; novel; prevent; programs; public health relevance; research study; response; retinal rods; transmission process; visual deprivation; visual feedback

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Post-natal refractive development of the eye matches optical power with axial length to focus the visual image onto the photoreceptors. When successful, the eye reaches emmetropia or zero refractive error. However, ~25% of the US population develops myopia while only 10% develop hyperopia. The prevalence of myopia has reached near epidemic proportions in Asian countries. Progressive myopes and high myopes have increased risk of retinal detachment and blindness. While ~$3.9 billion dollars was spent in 2001 on refractive corrections for distance vision (not including the cost of nearly 1 million refractive surgeries performed), no treatments exist to prevent or arrest the progression of myopia. The mechanisms driving refractive development have been localized to the retina, but the retinal pathways and biochemical signaling remain unknown. Based on the assumption that contrast sensitivity and spatial frequency are characteristics of the visual image that drive this response, we hypothesize that the main retinal pathways involved are the ON and OFF pathways. These pathways are proposed to stimulate unique biochemical signals that suppress default excessive eye growth. Thus, normal refractive development relies on constant biochemical feedback derived from retinal pathways activated by normal visual images. We further hypothesize that abnormalities in the visual environment, retinal pathways, or specific biochemical signals will result in down-regulation of the biochemical signaling which then allows for excess eye growth and myopia. In order to test this hypothesis, (Aim 1) the refractive development of specific mouse models with ON or OFF pathway defects will be tested under normal and form deprived visual conditions. In addition, the possibility that ON or OFF pathways originating from rod or cone photoreceptors may control refractive development will be tested by using mice with only functional rods or cones. Refractive development will be assessed by measurements of refractive error and ocular dimensions. The biochemical signals associated with the ON and OFF pathway will be investigated in Aim 2. We hypothesize that dopamine is a putative ON pathway signal. Thus, dopamine synthesis and release will be examined during refractive development in the ON/OFF pathway mutants as well as determining the consequence of the absence of dopamine on refractive development in a retina-specific dopamine deficient mouse. An OFF pathway biochemical signal will be identified using gene profiling in a mouse model with only functional OFF pathways. Candidate genes will then be tested in OFF pathway mutant mice. These experiments are designed to determine the retinal mechanisms of refractive development, thus identifying novel targets for pharmacological or behavioral interventions that could prevent or retard the development of myopia. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Uncorrected refractive errors represent the leading cause of blindness in the world and are the focus of the World Health Organization Vision 2020 program. In the US, ~25% of the population has myopia and an estimated $3.9 billion is spent annually for refractive correction of distance vision; not including the cost of renewed prescriptions or the nearly 1 million refractive surgeries that are performed annually. The proposed research will reveal new insights into the retinal mechanisms that control refractive development, thus identifying novel targets for new interventions that would prevent or retard refractive errors.

描述（由申请人提供）：出生后眼睛的屈光发育使光焦度与轴长相匹配，以将视觉图像聚焦到感光器上。成功后，眼睛达到正视或零屈光不正。然而，大约 25% 的美国人患有近视，而只有 10% 的人患有远视。在亚洲国家，近视的患病率已接近流行病的程度。进行性近视和高度近视会增加视网膜脱离和失明的风险。虽然 2001 年在远视力屈光矫正上花费了约 39 亿美元（不包括近 100 万例屈光手术的费用），但尚无治疗方法可以预防或阻止近视的进展。驱动屈光发育的机制已定位于视网膜，但视网膜通路和生化信号传导仍然未知。基于对比敏感度和空间频率是驱动这种反应的视觉图像特征的假设，我们假设所涉及的主要视网膜通路是ON和OFF通路。这些途径旨在刺激独特的生化信号，抑制默认的眼睛过度生长。因此，正常屈光发育依赖于由正常视觉图像激活的视网膜通路衍生的持续生化反馈。我们进一步假设视觉环境、视网膜通路或特定生化信号的异常将导致生化信号下调，从而导致眼睛过度生长和近视。为了检验这一假设，（目标 1）将在正常和视觉剥夺条件下测试具有 ON 或 OFF 通路缺陷的特定小鼠模型的屈光发育。此外，将通过使用仅具有功能性视杆或视锥细胞的小鼠来测试源自视杆或视锥光感受器的ON或OFF通路可能控制屈光发育的可能性。将通过测量屈光不正和眼睛尺寸来评估屈光发育。与 ON 和 OFF 通路相关的生化信号将在目标 2 中进行研究。我们假设多巴胺是假定的 ON 通路信号。因此，将在ON/OFF途径突变体的屈光发育过程中检查多巴胺的合成和释放，并确定多巴胺缺失对视网膜特异性多巴胺缺陷小鼠的屈光发育的影响。将使用仅具有功能性 OFF 途径的小鼠模型中的基因分析来识别 OFF 途径生化信号。然后候选基因将在 OFF 途径突变小鼠中进行测试。这些实验旨在确定屈光发育的视网膜机制，从而确定可预防或延缓近视发展的药物或行为干预的新靶标。公共卫生相关性：未矫正的屈光不正是世界上导致失明的主要原因，也是世界卫生组织 2020 年愿景计划的重点。在美国，约 25% 的人口患有近视，每年估计花费 39 亿美元用于远视力屈光矫正；不包括更新处方的费用或每年进行的近 100 万次屈光手术的费用。 The proposed research will reveal new insights into the retinal mechanisms that control refractive development, thus identifying novel targets for new interventions that would prevent or retard refractive errors.