Developmental Changes in Neural Processes Underlying Impulsivity and ADHD

描述（由申请人提供）：自我控制问题是与公共卫生相关的重大问题，因为它们与身心健康、药物滥用和学业成功有关，影响个人和社会。自我控制能力的发展是成年后成功独立的关键一步。注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）是一种与自我控制问题升高相关的高度普遍的障碍。我们假设ADHD患者自我控制能力差导致他们学业成绩受损和高中毕业率低。对自我控制发展轨迹的更好理解将导致更有针对性和更成功的干预计划。尽管自我控制对公共健康很重要，但没有研究直接测试决定自我控制的潜在机制是如何发展的。假设认知控制和奖励反应过程之间的平衡决定了自我控制功能的程度。该项目将首次描述青春期和成年早期的认知控制和奖励相关神经功能如何独立地促进健康发育和ADHD的自我控制。我们将评估大脑发育的变化如何发生在自我控制的两个系统模型中，包括认知控制（背外侧前额叶皮层）和奖励处理（腹侧纹状体）系统，以及这些系统如何与多动症相关的更广泛的损伤相关。另一个目标是评估与自我控制相关的大脑活动是否可以作为预测学习成绩的生物标志物。在这些研究的结论中，我们将能够确定与年龄相关的具体目标和提高自我控制的建议。这项工作是由多动症和功能性成像认知控制研究人员朱莉·施韦策和凯瑟琳·法斯宾德在加州大学戴维斯分校精神研究所的团队努力完成的；加州大学戴维斯分校的阿曼达·盖耶专攻神经发育中的奖励和情感系统；加州大学戴维斯分校的贾马尔·阿贝迪，他擅长衡量学术成果；斯坦福大学神经经济学中自我控制双系统模型的开发者塞缪尔·麦克卢尔，以及在基于社会和奖励的决策发展方面有经验的沃特·范登·博斯。加州大学伯克利分校的Stephen Hinshaw带来了ADHD方面的经验，诊断问题，纵向研究方法，ADHD学术问题的测量以及与该疾病相关的一般结果研究方法。这些来自加州北部的合作者的地理位置将有助于促进这种合作。这个项目与NIMH战略计划目标2的目标是一致的：“绘制精神疾病轨迹以确定何时、何地以及如何干预。”该项目也与NIDA战略计划目标1重叠：“防止开始使用药物并升级为成瘾”，考虑到多动症和自我控制问题与较高的药物滥用率有关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Problems with self-control are of major public health relevance as they are associated with physical and mental health, substance abuse and academic success impacting both individuals and society. The development of self-control is a critical step toward successful independence in young adulthood. Attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent disorder associated with elevated problems with self- control. We hypothesize that poor self-control in ADHD leads to their impaired academic achievement and poor high school graduation rates. An improved understanding of the developmental trajectory of self-control will lead to more focused and successful intervention programs. Despite the public health importance of self-control, no studies have directly tested how the underlying mechanisms that determine self-control develop. It is hypothesized that a balance between cognitive control and reward response processes determine degree of self-control functioning. This project will characterize for the first time how cognitive control and reward-related neural functioning during adolescence and early adulthood independently contribute to self-control in both healthy development and ADHD. We will assess how changes in brain development occur in a two system model of self-control, which includes cognitive control (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and reward processing (ventral striatum) systems, and how the systems relate to broader impairments associated with ADHD. An additional goal is to assess if brain activity associated with self-control can serve as a biomarker for predicting academic performance. At the conclusion of these studies we will be able to identify age-related specific targets and recommendations for improving self-control. This work is a team effort by ADHD and functional imaging cognitive control researchers Julie Schweitzer and Catherine Fassbender at the UC Davis MIND Institute; Amanda Guyer at UC Davis with expertise in reward and emotional systems in neurodevelopment; Jamal Abedi at UC Davis with proficiency in measuring academic outcomes; and from Stanford University Samuel McClure, developer of the two-system model of self- control in neuro-economics, and Wouter van den Bos with experience in the development of social and reward based decision-making. Stephen Hinshaw at UC Berkeley brings to the contribution experience in ADHD, diagnostic issues, longitudinal research methods, measurement of academic issues in ADHD and general outcome research methods associated with the disorder. The geographic proximity of these collaborators from northern California will help to facilitate this collaboration. This project is consistent with th aims of the NIMH Strategic Plan Objective 2: "Charting Mental Illness Trajectories to Determine When, Where and How to Intervene." The project also overlaps with NIDA Strategic Plan Goal 1: "To prevent the initiation of drug use and the escalation to addiction" considering ADHD and problems with self-control are related to higher rates of substance abuse. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Self-control issues are acknowledged as a major public health problem in typical adolescence and young adulthood and a number of psychiatric disorders, such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies on the processes that lead to the development of self-control will enable us to develop more targeted, age-appropriate interventions to improve self-control. The goal of this project is to study how self-control decisions change with the development of brain regions involved in planned, effortful responding and in brain regions involved in responding to rewards in ADHD and typical development.