Motivational control of goal-directed actions and habits

对目标导向的行为和习惯的动机控制

• 批准号: 7876013
• 负责人: Brian J Wiltgen
• 金额: $ 7.7万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2010-04-01 至 2012-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7876013
• 关键词: Abstinence; Animals; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological Assay; Cues; Data; Drug Addiction; Environment; Extinction (Psychology); Feedback; Food; Funding; Future; Goals; Habits; Knowledge; Laboratories; Laws; Lead; Mediating; Modeling; Molecular Genetics; Motivation; Mus; Neurobiology; Operant Conditioning; Outcome; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Play; Procedures; Process; Psychological reinforcement; Publications; Relapse; Rewards; Role; Schedule; Signal Transduction; Stimulus; Techniques; Testing; Time; Training; Unconscious State; Withdrawal; Yin; addiction; classical conditioning; compare effectiveness; craving; drug relapse; insight; motivated behavior; motivational processes; neuromechanism; public health relevance; reinforced behavior; research study; response

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The goal of this project is to examine the motivational effects of reward cues on habitual responding. Habits are behaviors that have become unconscious and automatic as a result of repeated pairings with reinforcement (A. Dickinson, 1985; H. H. Yin and B. J. Knowlton, 2006). They are elicited reflexively by stimuli in the environment and are not responsive to feedback. Not surprisingly then, habits play a major role in addiction where maladaptive behavior persists despite the fact that drugs lose their rewarding effects over time and produce many unwanted, aversive consequences (P. W. Kalivas and N. D. Volkow, 2005; T. W. Robbins et al., 2008). Although reward cues are known to influence goal-directed actions, the extent to which they motivate habitual responding has not been well characterized (P. C. Holland, 2004). This process is critical to our understanding of addiction, as environmental cues associated with drugs are major contributors to relapse (B. J. Everitt and T. W. Robbins, 2005; P. W. Kalivas and N. D. Volkow, 2005). The current experiments will examine this motivational process using operant conditioning techniques in mice. The purpose is to determine if habits are particularly responsive to reward cues compared to goal-directed actions. Animals will be trained to press levers in order to obtain food rewards. For some animals these rewards will be delivered on variable interval schedules (where reward is contingent on responding after a specific amount of time has passed) that have been shown to promote habitual responding. Other animals will be trained on ratio schedules (where reward delivery is contingent on the number of responses made), which have been shown to promote the acquisition of goal-directed actions (Dickinson, Nicholas, & Adams, 1983; Yin, Knowlton, & Balleine, 2004). The motivational effects of reward cues will be modeled with two procedures: Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) and reinstatement (Wiltgen, Law, Ostlund, Mayford, & Balleine, 2007). In the PIT procedure, environmental cues acquire significance as predictors of reward through Pavlovian conditioning and are then able to exert motivational control over instrumental actions (Colwill, 1988). Reinstatement is an assay of outcome-mediated initiation of instrumental behavior in which delivery of the reward itself primes and motivates behavior after a period of extinction (Delamater, 1997; Ostlund & Balline, 2007). Our prediction is that habitual responding will be more susceptible to the effects of reward cues (i.e. increased rate of responding) than goal-directed actions. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project will determine how automatic, unconscious behaviors called habits are motivated by reward cues in the environment. Habits are normally adaptive because they allow reliably reinforced behaviors to become efficient and automatic. However, they can also be maladaptive when they produce behaviors like those that maintain drug addiction. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which reward cues motivate habitual responding will lead to a better understanding of drug relapse and its underlying neural mechanisms.

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目的目标是检查奖励线索对习惯性反应的激励作用。习惯是由于反复与强化配对而变得无意识和自动的行为（A. Dickinson，1985；H. H. Yin 和 B. J. Knowlton，2006）。它们是由环境中的刺激条件反射地引发的，并且对反馈没有反应。因此，毫不奇怪，习惯在成瘾中发挥着重要作用，尽管药物随着时间的推移会失去其奖励作用并产生许多不良的、令人厌恶的后果，但适应不良行为仍然持续存在（P. W. Kalivas 和 N. D. Volkow，2005 年；T. W. Robbins 等人，2008 年）。尽管已知奖励线索会影响目标导向的行动，但它们激发习惯性反应的程度尚未得到很好的描述（P.C. Holland，2004）。这个过程对于我们理解成瘾至关重要，因为与毒品相关的环境因素是导致复发的主要因素（B. J. Everitt 和 T. W. Robbins，2005 年；P. W. Kalivas 和 N. D. Volkow，2005 年）。目前的实验将使用小鼠的操作条件反射技术来检查这种动机过程。目的是确定与目标导向的行动相比，习惯是否对奖励线索特别敏感。动物将被训练按下杠杆以获得食物奖励。对于某些动物来说，这些奖励将按照可变的时间间隔计划进行（其中奖励取决于经过特定时间后的响应），这已被证明可以促进习惯性响应。其他动物将按照比例计划进行训练（其中奖励的发放取决于做出反应的数量），这已被证明可以促进目标导向行动的获得（Dickinson，Nicholas，＆Adams，1983；Yin，Knowlton，＆Balleine，2004）。奖励线索的激励效果将通过两个过程进行建模：巴甫洛夫工具转移（PIT）和恢复（Wiltgen、Law、Ostlund、Mayford 和 Balleine，2007）。在 PIT 程序中，环境线索通过巴甫洛夫条件反射作为奖励的预测因子而具有重要意义，然后能够对工具性行为施加动机控制（Colwill，1988）。恢复是对结果介导的工具性行为启动的一种分析，其中奖励的传递本身会在一段时间的消退后启动并激发行为（Delamater，1997；Ostlund＆Balline，2007）。我们的预测是，习惯性反应比目标导向的行动更容易受到奖励线索的影响（即增加的反应率）。 公共卫生相关性：该项目将确定环境中的奖励线索如何激发被称为习惯的自动、无意识行为。习惯通常是适应性的，因为它们可以使可靠强化的行为变得高效和自动。然而，当他们产生类似维持毒瘾的行为时，他们也可能会适应不良。因此，了解奖励线索激发习惯性反应的机制将有助于更好地理解药物复发及其潜在的神经机制。

项目成果

The effect of ratio and interval training on Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in mice.

比率和间歇训练对小鼠巴甫洛夫仪器转移的影响。

• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048227
• 发表时间: 2012
• 期刊: PloS one
• 影响因子: 3.7
• 作者: Wiltgen,BrianJ;Sinclair,Courtney;Lane,Chadrick;Barrows,Frank;Molina,Martín;Chabanon-Hicks,Chloe
• 通讯作者: Chabanon-Hicks,Chloe