Depression Surge in Adolescence & Gender Differences: Biocognitive Mechanisms

青春期抑郁症激增

• 批准号: 8075942
• 负责人: LYN Y ABRAMSON
• 金额: $ 8.79万
• 依托单位: TEMPLE UNIV OF THE COMMONWEALTH
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-06-09 至 2013-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8075942
• 关键词: 12 year old; Achievement; Address; Adolescence; Adolescent; African American; Alleles; Area; Biological; Biological Process; Body Image; Brain; Caucasians; Caucasoid Race; Child; Clinical; Cognitive; Communities; Competence; Development; Discrimination; Disease; Early treatment; Employee Strikes; Ethnic Origin; Ethnic group; Event; Feedback; Feeling hopeless; Female; Future; Gender; Generations; Genes; Genetic; Genetic Polymorphism; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Risk; Genotype; Impairment; Individual; Individual Differences; Intervention; Knowledge; Lead; Life; Longitudinal Studies; Mediating; Mental Depression; Minority; Mission; Modeling; Mothers; Motivation; Parenting behavior; Parents; Poverty; Prevention; Preventive Intervention; Prospective Studies; Psychiatric Diagnosis; Psychopathology; Public Health; Risk; Risk Factors; Role; Sex Characteristics; Short-Term Memory; Staging; Stress; Symptoms; Testing; Theoretical model; Thinking; Time; Youth; body dissatisfaction; boys; depressive symptoms; emotional abuse; ethnic difference; executive function; experience; girls; infancy; innovation; male; peer; peer victimization; prospective; psychologic; public health relevance; racial discrimination; serotonin transporter; stressor; theories; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Why does depression surge so dramatically in adolescence, especially for females? Despite the great scientific and public health significance of this question, the mechanisms underlying the surge in depression and emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence remain elusive. This application is relevant to NIMH's mission to understand the causes of depression in youth, role of minority and gender status in depression, and targets for early intervention. The aims of this application are to examine the generality to African-Americans of this surge in depression and emergence of gender differences as well as to examine the mechanisms underlying these developmental phenomena from the perspective of an innovative genetic-cognitive vulnerability X transactional stress model, embedded within a normative adolescent brain and cognitive development context. To this end, a large-scale prospective, longitudinal study of 600 12-year old community youth (evenly divided between males and females and Caucasians and African-Americans) and their parents will be conducted. Assessments of children's cognitive and genetic (serotonin transporter gene polymorphism; Year 2 only) vulnerability, normative cognitive development, racial identity, and psychiatric diagnoses will be conducted at Time 1 and yearly thereafter. Assessments of psychiatric symptoms, negative life events, hopelessness, emotional abuse and peer victimization, perceived discrimination, body image, and pubertal status will occur every 6 months. In addition, assessments of parental psychopathology and parental cognitive vulnerability will be obtained from Ps' mothers at Time 1. Finally, information about parenting styles and parental inferential feedback will be obtained from Ps' mothers at Time 1 and yearly. Results will have very significant implications for prevention of depression. Knowledge of mechanisms underlying the adolescent surge in depression would suggest interventions for short-circuiting it and the great impairment it portends for young adulthood. Specifically, results will suggest optimal features of preventive interventions for depression in youth regarding: identification of youth to target, timing, psychological or biological processes to target, and interventions for girls vs. boys and African-Americans vs. Caucasians. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This application is unique in that it will provide a major prospective study of the generality across ethnic groups of the adolescent surge in depression and emergence of gender differences and test mechanisms underlying these two developmental phenomena from the perspective of an integrated cognitive vulnerability-stress/genetic vulnerability- stress model. In addition, developmental trajectories of executive functions relevant to the genesis of cognitive vulnerability to depression, informed by knowledge of normative adolescent brain and cognitive development, will be examined. By isolating the risk factors and mechanisms underlying the development of depression in adolescence, the project's findings will have significant implications for the prevention of depression, particularly in the area of optimal timing and targeting (i.e., high cognitive and/or genetic risk) of interventions that could be tailored appropriately to address gender and ethnic differences.

描述（由申请人提供）：为什么青春期抑郁症发病率如此之高，尤其是女性？尽管这个问题具有重大的科学和公共卫生意义，但青春期抑郁症激增和抑郁症性别差异出现的潜在机制仍然难以捉摸。该应用程序与 NIMH 的使命相关，即了解青少年抑郁症的原因、少数群体和性别状况在抑郁症中的作用以及早期干预的目标。该应用程序的目的是研究非裔美国人抑郁症激增和性别差异出现的普遍性，并从嵌入规范青少年大脑和认知发展背景的创新遗传认知脆弱性 X 交易压力模型的角度研究这些发展现象背后的机制。为此，将对600名12岁社区青少年（男女、白种人和非裔美国人各占一半）及其父母进行大规模前瞻性纵向研究。儿童的认知和遗传（血清素转运蛋白基因多态性；仅第 2 年）脆弱性、规范认知发展、种族认同和精神病诊断的评估将在第 1 时间以及此后每年进行。每 6 个月将对精神症状、负面生活事件、绝望、情感虐待和同伴受害、感知歧视、身体形象和青春期状态进行评估。此外，将在时间 1 从 Ps 的母亲处获得对父母精神病理学和父母认知脆弱性的评估。最后，将在时间 1 和每年从 Ps 的母亲处获得有关养育方式和父母推理反馈的信息。结果将对预防抑郁症产生非常重要的影响。了解青少年抑郁症激增的机制将建议采取干预措施，以使其短路以及它对成年初期预示的巨大损害。具体来说，结果将提出青少年抑郁症预防干预措施的最佳特征：确定青年目标、目标时机、心理或生物过程，以及针对女孩与男孩、非洲裔美国人与白人的干预措施。公共健康相关性：该应用程序的独特之处在于，它将从综合认知脆弱性-压力/遗传脆弱性-压力模型的角度，对青少年抑郁激增和性别差异出现的跨种族普遍性以及这两种发展现象背后的测试机制提供一项重大前瞻性研究。此外，还将研究与抑郁症认知脆弱性的起源相关的执行功能的发展轨迹，这些轨迹是通过规范青少年大脑和认知发展的知识来了解的。通过分离出青春期抑郁症发展的风险因素和机制，该项目的研究结果将对预防抑郁症产生重大影响，特别是在干预措施的最佳时机和目标（即高认知和/或遗传风险）方面，这些干预措施可以适当调整以解决性别和种族差异。