An Evidence-based Approach for Bullying Prevention

摘要 基于证据的严重博弈预防欺负行为 欺凌，以其最常见的形式，是一个严重的公共卫生问题。尤其是在 中学时期，这是一个欺凌行为增加的过渡时期。网络欺凌，一种电子进化的面子- 面对面的欺凌是通过电脑、手机和其他电子设备造成的故意和反复的伤害 威胁、骚扰、羞辱或在社会上排斥他人。欺凌的受害者和罪犯， 网络欺凌更有可能有低自尊，自杀意念，抑郁症，物质使用， 学术成就拟议的第二阶段SBIR申请需要36个月的资金来开发和 测试欺凌和网络欺凌预防材料，包括互动课堂和相应的 严肃的游戏，基于循证药物滥用预防方法，称为生活技能培训 （LST）。LST预防模式教授青年个人自我管理技能、社交技能、拒绝毒品的技能， 以及其他生活技能，以成功地驾驭发展任务，提高弹性，并促进 健康的心理社会发展。LST计划已经过广泛的测试，并发现有效地 在一系列随机对照试验中，预防物质使用，在30多个同行中报告了行为效应， 审查出版物。然而，LST目前并不涉及任何形式的欺凌或网络欺凌。的 拟议的预防中学欺凌和网络欺凌的材料将（1）利用互动 课堂会话和严肃/教育游戏（用于以娱乐形式进行教育的数字游戏）; (2)积极改变围绕欺凌和网络欺凌的社会规范;（3）挑战积极的期望 关于欺凌和网络欺凌;（4）通过建立社会，自我调节， 通过互动学习和行为排练的关系技能;（5）包括助推器会议。在 第一阶段，我们开发了课堂和严肃游戏的原型材料，并对它们进行了可行性测试， 可用性和整体吸引力在一系列焦点小组和关键线人采访中学生 还有老师我们实现了第一阶段的所有里程碑。在第二阶段，我们建议制定全面的干预措施， 并在30所中学/初中进行严格的全国随机对照试验。这个目标 研究的目的是有效地解决欺凌和网络欺凌的实施和受害， 以证据为基础的LST预防模式，包括新的课堂课程和相应的严肃游戏 在中学的每个年级申报产品有可能填补预防性干预的空白 学校现有的工具，可以利用现有的 营销和传播渠道。如果有效，建议的预防产品可以有效地减少 青少年的多种问题行为，包括欺凌、网络欺凌以及药物滥用， 减少这些行为对健康和心理健康的不良影响。

ABSTRACT An Evidence-based Serious Game Approach for Bullying Prevention Bullying, in its most familiar form, is a serious public health concern. This is especially true during the middle-school years, a transition period when bullying increases. Cyberbullying, an electronic evolution of face- to-face bullying, is willful and repeated harm inflicted through computers, cell phones and other electronic devices to threaten, harass, embarrass, or socially exclude another. Both victims and offenders of bullying and cyberbullying are more likely to have low self-esteem, suicidal ideation, depression, substance use, and lower academic achievement. The proposed Phase II SBIR application requests 36 months of funding to develop and test bullying and cyberbullying prevention materials, including interactive classroom sessions and corresponding serious games, based on the evidence-based substance abuse prevention approach called Life Skills Training (LST). The LST prevention model teaches youth personal self-management skills, social skills, drug refusal skills, and other life skills needed to successfully navigate developmental tasks, increase resilience, and facilitate healthy psychosocial development. The LST program has been extensively tested and found to effectively prevent substance use in a series of randomized controlled trials with behavioral effects reported in over 30 peer- reviewed publications. However, LST does not currently address any forms of bullying or cyberbullying. The proposed prevention materials for middle school bullying and cyberbullying will (1) utilize both interactive classroom sessions and serious/educational games (digital games used to educate in an entertaining format); (2) positively change social norms surrounding bullying and cyberbullying; (3) challenge positive expectancies about bullying and cyberbullying; (4) enhance protective factors by building social, self-regulation, and relationship skills through interactive learning and behavioral rehearsal; and (5) include booster sessions. In Phase I, we developed classroom and serious game prototype materials and pilot tested them for feasibility, usability, and overall appeal in a series of focus groups and key informant interviews with middle school students and teachers. We achieved all Phase I milestones. During Phase II, we propose to develop the full intervention and test it in a rigorous national randomized controlled trial with 30 middle/junior high schools. The goal of this research is to effectively address bullying and cyberbullying perpetration and victimization by adapting the evidence-based LST prevention model to include new classroom sessions and a corresponding serious game for each grade in middle school. The proposed product has the potential to fill a gap in the preventive intervention tools currently available to schools, which can be widely disseminated throughout the country using existing marketing and dissemination channels. If effective, the proposed prevention products can efficiently decrease multiple problem behaviors among youth, including bullying, cyberbullying as well as substance abuse, and reduce the adverse health and mental health consequences of these behaviors.