Using Digital Health Technology to Prevent Bullying and Cyberbullying among Elementary School Students

摘要 欺凌和网络欺凌是各个年龄段的年轻人中非常普遍的攻击行为形式， 各种负面的社会和心理健康后果。所有形式的欺凌行为都需要坚持不懈的 在亲属处对他人进行故意威胁、攻击性或言语辱骂行为 劣势。这些行为与早期药物使用具有相似的风险和保护因素， 因此，单一的干预方法可能有效地解决这两种行为。事实上，这是一种卓有成效的扩展方式 循证预防的好处是调整最有效的干预措施，以便它们解决共享 以及多重相关行为的独特风险和保护因素。建议的SBIR快速通道应用 要求提供资金以开发和评估通过以下方式防止欺凌行为的多成分干预措施 调整循证生活技能培训(LST)小学计划。LST教授年轻人个人 自我管理技能、社交技能、拒绝毒品技能和其他成功导航所需的生活技能 发展任务，提高复原力，并促进健康的心理社会发展。LST程序 已经进行了广泛的测试，并发现在一系列随机对照中有效地防止了物质使用 在30多个同行评议的出版物中报道了具有行为影响的试验。对建议的干预 SBIR将从以下角度教年轻人如何应对面对面和网络欺凌 肇事者、受害者和旁观者。我们建议发展：(1)针对欺凌行为的课堂课程，以 补充现有的LST小学课程；(2)沉浸式严肃(教育)视频游戏，以 为学生提供应用生活技能的机会，以防止欺凌和其他高风险情况 游戏化形式；(3)电子学习模块，为家长提供战略和资源，以支持反 学校教授的欺凌课程；以及，(4)为教育工作者和支持专业人员提供的电子学习模块， 强调在全校范围内采取反欺凌的方法的重要性，该方法教授亲社会行为和 鼓励尊重同龄人。在第一阶段，我们将开发针对欺凌的课堂会话的原型，一个 视频游戏级别，以及教师和家长培训材料，以测试它们的可行性、可用性和整体 上诉。在第二阶段，我们将完成所有节目材料的开发，并进行严格的 预防方案的随机对照试验(RCT)。小学(N=30)将随机分配到 要么是接受预防计划的干预组，要么是 接受现有的学校健康教育。在最初的干预期结束时，以及一年和两年后 后续，我们将比较两组在行为、规范、态度和知识方面的变化 关于欺凌、网络欺凌和药物使用行为。这项SBIR的目标是开发商业- 融合数字健康技术的优质欺凌预防产品，灵活、有效和 易于使用，并可广泛传播到美国的小学。

ABSTRACT Bullying and cyberbullying are highly prevalent forms of aggressive behavior among youth of all ages and have a wide variety of negative social and mental health consequences. Bullying in all its forms involves persistent and intentional threatening, aggressive or verbally abusive behavior directed toward others at relative disadvantage. These behaviors share a similar set of risk and protective factors with early-stage substance use, therefore a single intervention approach may efficiently address both behaviors. Indeed, a fruitful way to extend the benefits of evidence-based prevention is to adapt the most effective interventions so they address shared and unique risk and protective factors for multiple related behaviors. The proposed SBIR Fast-Track application requests funding to develop and evaluate a multicomponent intervention to prevent bullying behavior by adapting the evidence-based Life Skills Training (LST) elementary school program. LST teaches youth personal self-management skills, social skills, drug refusal skills, and other life skills needed to successfully navigate key developmental tasks, increase resilience, and facilitate healthy psychosocial development. The LST program has been extensively tested and found to effectively prevent substance use in a series of randomized controlled trials with behavioral effects reported in over 30 peer-reviewed publications. The intervention for the proposed SBIR will teach young people how to respond to in-person and online bullying from the perspectives of perpetrator, victim, and bystander. We propose to develop: (1) bullying-specific classroom sessions to supplement the existing LST elementary school program; (2) an immersive serious (educational) video game to provide opportunities for students to apply life skills in preventing bullying and other high-risk situations in a gamified format; (3) e-learning modules that provide parents with strategies and resources to support anti- bullying lessons taught in school; and, (4) e-learning modules for educators and support professionals that emphasize the importance of a school-wide anti-bullying approach that teaches prosocial behavior and encourages respect for peers. In Phase I, we will develop prototypes of bullying-specific classroom sessions, a video game level, and teacher and parent training materials to test them for feasibility, usability, and overall appeal. In Phase II, we will complete the development of all program materials and conduct a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the prevention program. Elementary schools (N=30) will be randomized to either an intervention group that receives the prevention program or a treatment-as-usual control group that receives existing school health education. At the end of the initial intervention period, and at one- and two-year follow-ups, we will compare both groups with respect to changes in behaviors, norms, attitudes, and knowledge regarding bullying, cyberbullying, and substance use behavior. The goal of this SBIR is to develop commercial- quality bullying prevention products that incorporate digital health technology and are flexible, effective, and easy-to-use, and can be widely-disseminated to elementary schools in the US.