Threat-Related Negative Valence Systems, Child Victimization, and Anxiety

人际暴力（IPV）暴露影响了1/2的青年，并造成了巨大的身心健康 给受害者和社会带来负担。儿童期IPV暴露是焦虑和其他疾病的一个公认的危险因素。 心理健康问题。在青年人中， IPV暴露和心理健康结果的相当大的异质性。结果的这种异质性 可以通过各种研究领域标准（RDoC）结构来解释，包括负价 系统（NVS）涉及对威胁的响应。也就是说，神经系统功能和发育的中断 与威胁处理相关的生理系统可能会导致焦虑症状加剧 通常在IPV之后观察到。缺乏评估多种威胁相关的纵向研究 机制，跨多个分析单元，以及在开发的关键时刻，一直是一个关键障碍， 为个性化治疗的设计提供信息，以针对IPV后精神病理学的根本原因。的 该项目的总体目标是研究与威胁相关的NVS措施的发展轨迹， 青少年，作为暴露于IPV的函数，通过改变 这些措施。该项目的具体目标是：1）识别与威胁相关的NVS结构， 2）纵向调查IPV对青少年焦虑症状的影响程度， IPV在三个年龄组（3、6、9年级， 基线）;和3）调查NVS测量的轨迹预测焦虑症状的程度 在考虑初始焦虑症状和IPV状态后的2年期间。一个探索性的目标是 研究杏仁核活动和ACC在基线和超时时的功能如何预测其他威胁的变化- 相关NVS测量（ERP、惊吓、ERN、皮质醇反应性）随时间的变化。为了实现目标，方法 涉及研究三个与威胁相关的NVS结构的贡献，包括对急性威胁的反应， 潜在威胁和持续威胁。这些结构将在多个分析单元中进行测量 （神经回路，生理学，行为/自我报告），并随着时间的推移使用一组经过充分验证的翻译 神经科学实验室范例和评估工具。加速纵向队列设计将 用于测试关键的发展问题（例如，青春期状态是否调节IPV对 潜在威胁或持续威胁）。将入组三个队列的儿童（共n=360）及其护理人员 前瞻性地进行3次年度面对面实验室评估，其间进行电话评估。一 社区样本代表了广泛的IPV经历和广泛的焦虑症状 将被招募。通过跨多个分析单元研究多个NVS结构， 阐明IPV中焦虑问题的心理生物学脆弱性的时间和发展过程- 暴露于青少年，并将影响临床护理和未来的临床研究分类。

Interpersonal violence (IPV) exposure affects 1 in 2 youth and levies tremendous physical and mental health burdens on victims and society. Childhood IPV exposure is a well-established risk factor for anxiety and other mental health problems across the lifespan. There is great variability among youth in the nature and timing of IPV exposure and considerable heterogeneity in mental health outcomes. Such heterogeneity in outcomes may be explained by various Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs, including Negative Valence Systems (NVS) involving responses to threat. That is, disruptions in the functioning and development of neural and physiological systems associated with threat processing may account for heightened anxiety symptoms commonly observed following IPV. A paucity of longitudinal studies assessing multiple threat-related mechanisms, across multiple units of analysis, and at key times in development has been a critical barrier to informing the design of personalized treatments to target root causes of post-IPV psychopathology. The overarching goal of this project is to examine developmental trajectories of threat-related NVS measures into adolescence, as a function of exposure to IPV, in an effort to better link IPV and anxiety through changes in these measures. The specific aims of this project are: 1) to identify threat-related NVS constructs that connect lifetime IPV to anxious symptoms in youth cross-sectionally; 2) to investigate longitudinally the degree to which IPV sensitizes trajectories of NVS measures over a two-year period across three age cohorts (grades 3, 6, 9 at baseline); and 3) to investigate the degree to which trajectories of NVS measures predict anxiety symptoms over a 2-year period after accounting for initial anxiety symptoms and IPV status. An exploratory aim is to examine how amygdala activity and ACC functioning at baseline and overtime predict changes in other threat- related NVS measures (ERP, startle, ERN, cortisol reactivity) over time. To accomplish the aims, the approach involves studying the contributions of three threat-related NVS constructs, including responses to acute threat, potential threat, and sustained threat. These constructs will be measured across multiple units of analysis (neural circuitry, physiology, behavior/self-report) and over time using a battery of well-validated translational neuroscience laboratory paradigms and assessment tools. An accelerated longitudinal cohort design will be used to test key developmental questions (e.g., whether pubertal status moderates the effect of IPV on potential threat or sustained threat). Three cohorts of children (total n=360) and their caregivers will be enrolled and prospectively across 3 annual in-person lab assessments, with phone-based assessments in between. A community sample representing a broad continuum of IPV experiences and a wide range of anxiety symptoms will be recruited. By studying multiple NVS constructs over time across multiple units of analysis, findings will clarify the timing and developmental course of psychobiological vulnerabilities to anxiety problems in IPV- exposed youth, and will impact clinical care and future clinical research classification.