Incorporating Immigrants and Minorities into Late 19th Century Cities

描述(申请人提供)：1880年，有人建议研究美国城市的种族和民族分化，特别强调人与地方之间的关系。该项目将使用1880年美国人口普查的全计数普查数据来创建广泛的摘要文件，汇总地理级别的信息，包括枚举区、市或镇、县、大都市区和州。对于1880年所有98个单独确定的城市，分析将调查城市和群体特征对分离或同化的总体模式的影响。对于最大的25个城市，将于1880年在枚举区一级为所有变量开发地理信息系统(CIS)地图。在这些城市，将使用空间聚集性的衡量标准来识别种族社区。将对模型进行估计，分析个人的个人和家庭特征与生活在(或不在)种族社区内，以及在(或在)种族就业利基内(或外)工作有关。另一个样本是37000名男性，他们的记录与1870年至1880年的记录相匹配，将作为模型的基础，在这些模型中将引入1870年的关键特征。该项目的一个重要组成部分将是创建和传播公共使用的数据文件。这些文件将包括基于个人数据的预先编制的摘要文件、主要城市枚举区的独联体边界文件，以及将1%人口样本的个人和家庭数据与他们居住的地方的信息相结合的多级数据集。在美国历史上的一个关键时期，这个新的数据基础设施将为所有学科的社会科学家提供更多的机会：西部边疆仍未确定，美国从农业经济向工业经济的转型才刚刚开始，非裔美国人最近才从奴隶制中解放出来，芝加哥等城市还处于起步阶段，纽约等老城市仍在接收德国和爱尔兰移民的第一波浪潮，美国正处于下一波人口大迁徙的边缘--黑人从南到北，来自南欧和东欧的移民，以及来自东亚的中国人和其他群体。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): It is proposed to study racial and ethnic differentiation in U.S. cities in 1880, with a particular emphasis on the relationships between people and places. The project will use full-count census data from the U.S. Census of Population in 1880 to create a wide range of summary files, aggregating information at levels of geography including the enumeration district, city or town, county, metropolitan region, and state. For all 98 separately identified cities in 1880, analyses will investigate the effects of city and group characteristics on aggregate patterns of separation or assimilation. For the largest 25 cities, Geographic Information System (CIS) maps will be developed for all variables in 1880 at the level of enumeration districts. In these cities, measures of spatial clustering will be used to identify ethnic neighborhoods. Models will be estimated analyzing what personal and household characteristics of individuals are associated with living within (or outside) ethnic neighborhoods and working within (or outside) ethnic employment niches. A separate sample of 37,000 men with records matched between 1870 and 1880 will be the basis for models in which key characteristics in 1870 will be introduced. An important component of the project will be the creation and dissemination of public-use data files. These will include pretabulated summary files based on individual data, CIS boundary files for enumeration districts in major cities, and a multilevel dataset that combines individual and household data for a 1 percent sample of the population with information about the places where they live. This new data infrastructure will expand opportunities for social scientists of all disciplines on a key period in American history: a time when the Western frontier was still being settled, when the transformation of the country from an agricultural to an industrial economy was only beginning, when African Americans had only recently been released from slavery, when cities like Chicago were in their infancy and older cities like New York were still receiving their first waves of German and Irish immigrants, and the nation was on the verge of the next great wave of population movements - of blacks from South to North, of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and Chinese and other groups from East Asia.