Incorporating Immigrants and Minorities into Late 19th Century Cities

描述（由申请人提供）：建议研究1880年美国城市的种族和民族差异，特别强调人与地方之间的关系。该项目将使用1880年美国人口普查的全部人口普查数据来创建广泛的摘要文件，汇总地理级别的信息，包括枚举区，城市或城镇，县，大都市地区和州。对于1880年所有98个单独确定的城市，分析将调查城市和群体特征对分离或同化的总体模式的影响。对于最大的25个城市，将在1880年在查点区一级为所有变量绘制地理信息系统地图。在这些城市中，空间聚类的措施将被用来确定民族社区。模型将估计分析个人的个人和家庭特征与居住在（或外部）民族社区和工作在（或外部）民族就业壁龛。一个单独的37,000人的样本与1870年和1880年之间的记录相匹配，将成为模型的基础，其中1870年的关键特征将被引入。该项目的一个重要组成部分将是建立和传播公用数据档案。其中包括基于个人数据的预先制表摘要文件、主要城市普查区的CIS边界文件，以及将1%人口样本的个人和家庭数据与他们居住地的信息相结合的多层次数据集。这种新的数据基础设施将为所有学科的社会科学家在美国历史上的关键时期提供更多的机会：当时西部边境仍在开拓中，国家从农业经济向工业经济的转变才刚刚开始，非裔美国人刚刚从奴隶制中解放出来，当像芝加哥这样的城市还处于发展初期，像纽约这样的老城市还在接收第一波德国和爱尔兰移民时，美国正处于下一波人口大流动的边缘--黑人从南方到北方，来自南欧和东欧的移民，以及来自东亚的中国人和其他群体。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): It is proposed to study racial and ethnic differentiation in U.S. cities in 1880, with a particular emphasis on the relationships between people and places. The project will use full-count census data from the U.S. Census of Population in 1880 to create a wide range of summary files, aggregating information at levels of geography including the enumeration district, city or town, county, metropolitan region, and state. For all 98 separately identified cities in 1880, analyses will investigate the effects of city and group characteristics on aggregate patterns of separation or assimilation. For the largest 25 cities, Geographic Information System (CIS) maps will be developed for all variables in 1880 at the level of enumeration districts. In these cities, measures of spatial clustering will be used to identify ethnic neighborhoods. Models will be estimated analyzing what personal and household characteristics of individuals are associated with living within (or outside) ethnic neighborhoods and working within (or outside) ethnic employment niches. A separate sample of 37,000 men with records matched between 1870 and 1880 will be the basis for models in which key characteristics in 1870 will be introduced. An important component of the project will be the creation and dissemination of public-use data files. These will include pretabulated summary files based on individual data, CIS boundary files for enumeration districts in major cities, and a multilevel dataset that combines individual and household data for a 1 percent sample of the population with information about the places where they live. This new data infrastructure will expand opportunities for social scientists of all disciplines on a key period in American history: a time when the Western frontier was still being settled, when the transformation of the country from an agricultural to an industrial economy was only beginning, when African Americans had only recently been released from slavery, when cities like Chicago were in their infancy and older cities like New York were still receiving their first waves of German and Irish immigrants, and the nation was on the verge of the next great wave of population movements - of blacks from South to North, of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and Chinese and other groups from East Asia.