Incorporating Immigrants and Minorities into Late 19th Century Cities

描述（由申请人提供）：提出研究1880年美国城市的种族和民族差异，特别强调人与地方之间的关系。该项目将使用1880年美国人口普查的全面普查数据来创建广泛的摘要文件，汇总地理层面的信息，包括枚举区、市或镇、县、大都市区和州。对于1880年所有98个单独确定的城市，分析将调查城市和群体特征对分离或同化的总体模式的影响。对于最大的25个城市，地理信息系统（CIS）地图将在1880年在枚举区一级开发所有变量。在这些城市中，将使用空间集群的措施来确定民族社区。模型将被估计，分析个人的个人和家庭特征与居住在（或外）种族社区内和在（或外）种族就业利基内工作有关。在1870年至1880年间，37,000名男性的单独样本将作为模型的基础，其中1870年的主要特征将被引入。该项目的一个重要组成部分将是创建和传播公共使用数据文件。这些文件将包括基于个人数据的预先编制的摘要文件，主要城市的普查区域的CIS边界文件，以及一个多层数据集，该数据集将1%的人口样本的个人和家庭数据与他们居住的地方信息相结合。这种新的数据基础设施将在美国历史的关键时期为所有学科的社会科学家提供更多的机会：在西部边疆仍旧被解决时,当的转型国家从农业到工业经济仅仅是开始,当非裔美国人最近才被释放从奴隶制,芝加哥等城市初级及以上时像纽约这样的城市还收到他们的第一个德国和爱尔兰的移民浪潮,和国家濒临人口流动——下一个伟大的波的黑人从南到北,来自南欧和东欧的移民，以及来自东亚的华人和其他群体。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): It is proposed to study racial and ethnic differentiation in U.S. cities in 1880, with a particular emphasis on the relationships between people and places. The project will use full-count census data from the U.S. Census of Population in 1880 to create a wide range of summary files, aggregating information at levels of geography including the enumeration district, city or town, county, metropolitan region, and state. For all 98 separately identified cities in 1880, analyses will investigate the effects of city and group characteristics on aggregate patterns of separation or assimilation. For the largest 25 cities, Geographic Information System (CIS) maps will be developed for all variables in 1880 at the level of enumeration districts. In these cities, measures of spatial clustering will be used to identify ethnic neighborhoods. Models will be estimated analyzing what personal and household characteristics of individuals are associated with living within (or outside) ethnic neighborhoods and working within (or outside) ethnic employment niches. A separate sample of 37,000 men with records matched between 1870 and 1880 will be the basis for models in which key characteristics in 1870 will be introduced. An important component of the project will be the creation and dissemination of public-use data files. These will include pretabulated summary files based on individual data, CIS boundary files for enumeration districts in major cities, and a multilevel dataset that combines individual and household data for a 1 percent sample of the population with information about the places where they live. This new data infrastructure will expand opportunities for social scientists of all disciplines on a key period in American history: a time when the Western frontier was still being settled, when the transformation of the country from an agricultural to an industrial economy was only beginning, when African Americans had only recently been released from slavery, when cities like Chicago were in their infancy and older cities like New York were still receiving their first waves of German and Irish immigrants, and the nation was on the verge of the next great wave of population movements - of blacks from South to North, of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, and Chinese and other groups from East Asia.