Longitudinal Perspectives on Race and Health in MIDUS: Insights from Milwaukee

描述（由申请人提供）：MIDUS（美国中年）国家纵向研究在第二波中纳入了来自威斯康星州密尔沃基的非裔美国成年人样本，这是一个高度隔离的美国城市，以增加少数族裔受访者参与临床生物学评估。在社会心理压力（包括被认为是歧视）对健康、福祉和生理风险因素的影响方面取得了许多进展。这份修订后的申请要求资金在9-10年后对密尔沃基样本进行纵向随访，以平行于目前正在进行的MIDUS主要样本的纵向工作。我们假设密尔沃基的非裔美国人与MIDUS的白人相比，在健康（慢性病、健康症状、生物风险因素）、健康行为（体育活动、饮食、吸烟、饮酒）和认知能力方面会出现更早的与年龄相关的衰退。此外，我们预测纵向老龄化的种族差异将由不同的环境暴露（工作/家庭压力，感知歧视）以及与经济衰退相关的更多不良经历来解释。利用MIDUS丰富的社会心理评估，我们将调查减轻压力暴露对健康影响的因素。这种分析将包括脆弱性因素，如心理困扰（抑郁、焦虑、愤怒），假设会加剧环境压力对健康的不利影响；以及复原力因素，如心理社会优势（生活目的、控制感、乐观主义、社会关系），假设会减轻这种有害影响。修订后的建议提炼了提出的研究的创新特征，并提供了新的分析策略来检验关键假设。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The MIDUS (Midlife in the U.S.) national longitudinal study included, at its second wave, a sample of African American adults from Milwaukee, WI, a high segregated U.S. city, to increase participation of minority respondents in clinic-based biological assessments. Numerous advances have been generated on the impact of psychosocial stress, including perceived discrimination, on health, well-being, and physiological risk factors. This revised application requests funds to conduct a longitudinal follow-up 9-10 years later on the Milwaukee sample to parallel longitudinal work currently underway on the main MIDUS sample. We hypothesize that Milwaukee African Americans compared to their White counterparts in MIDUS will show earlier age-related decline in health (chronic conditions, health symptoms, biological risk factors), health behaviors (physical activity, diet, smoking, alcohol use) and cognitive capacities. Further we predict that race differences in longitudinal aging will be accounted for by differential environmental exposures (work/family stress, perceived discrimination) as well as more adverse experiences related to the economic recession. Exploiting the rich psychosocial assessments in MIDUS, we will investigate factors that moderate the impact of stress exposures on health. Such analyses will include vulnerability factors such as psychological distress (depression, anxiety, anger) hypothesized to exacerbate the adverse impact of environmental stress on health as well as resilience factors such as psychosocial strengths (purpose in life, sense of control, optimism, social ties) hypothesized to mitigate against such pernicious effects. The revised proposed distills the innovative features of the proposed research and offers novel analytic strategies to test key hypotheses.