Modelling the primary atomization and spray systems

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Atomization is of importance in many industrial processes as well as agriculture, meteorology, and medicine. It generally refers to a process in which a bulk liquid is disintegrated into small drops or droplets by internal and/or external forces as a result of the interaction between the liquid (dispersed phase) and surrounding medium (continuous phase). The disintegration or breakup occurs when the disruptive forces exceed the liquid surface tension force. The consolidating effect of liquid surface tension tends to pull a liquid into a form that exhibits the minimum surface energy, while the stabilizing effect of liquid viscosity tends to oppose any change in liquid geometry. The initial breakup process of a liquid mass into small droplets is often referred to as primary breakup or primary atomization. A population of larger droplets produced in the primary atomization may be unstable if they exceed a critical droplet size and thus may undergo further disruption into smaller droplets. This process is usually termed secondary breakup or secondary atomization.