The dynamics of emotional discordance: Psychophysiology, observed affect, and self-reported experience

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Emotion theories assert that the hallmark of a coherent emotional response is the concordance or mutual amplification across the physiological, experiential, and behavioural domains. In contrast, models of emotion regulation (ER) emphasize the adaptive modulation of emotion processes in service of goals. Efforts to down regulate negative emotions, for example, focus on selectively controlling physiological (e.g., deep breathing) or experiential (e.g., re-evaluating emotional significance) or behavioural (e.g., suppressing expressions) manifestations in order to realize a less distressed emotional state. Thus, the concordance expected by emotion theory (which has received limited empirical support) is disrupted by the control processes of ER.