Software architecture, model driven development and fault tolerance

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Many practical and foundational problems in software engineering are essentially about representing the structure of software artifacts. Today's software intensive systems are very large and complex. They must be designed and implemented in parts that are manageable by engineers. This requires schemes for putting together parts to represent the whole. Analysis methods must be able to navigate between parts and whole to take advantage of complexity reduction in focusing on parts and then being able to "promote" the results to be applied to the whole. Structure may be imposed in at least two ways: the first is the usual hierarchical structuring typified by the part/whole relationship, a kind of vertical structuring, and the second may be seen as having various views of a whole, each representing different, but possibly overlapping, information about the whole, a kind of horizontal structuring.