Integration of practices and technologies in construction.

与其他行业相比，建筑业表现不佳。在许多研究中发现的两个问题是：（1）最终产品在质量方面的价值很低，不符合目的和可持续性;（2）对于这种产品的交付，生产率/可预测性（成本和时间表）很差。在与这些问题相关的研究中确定的核心问题是高度的多级碎片化，以及线性设计和建造过程。这种分散和线性过程导致的绩效缺失成本因研究而异，占项目总成本的30%至50%。研究和工业提出的解决方案是：设计过程，团队或实践，或通过信息技术的信息的整合。然而，这种整合需要从线性和分散的流程转向整合和迭代的流程，从手工艺转向敏捷的工作组织，从工作包、活动和任务的管理转向工作流程和流程的管理。挑战是多方面的，复杂的和系统的;解决和平衡项目网络内的互操作性的技术，语义和组织问题。 该研究计划旨在研究使用建筑信息建模（BIM）的项目供应链内的信息生成和交换的两个具体实例-一组用于生成和管理设施数字表示的交互政策，流程和技术。这两个实例被视为整个项目生命周期中的关键接口。第一个实例是业主和咨询团队之间的接口。据报道，业主最有可能从BIM的部署中受益[1]，并且在项目环境中部署BIM方面最有影响力[2]。然而，业主似乎总体上缺乏主动性和领导力，无法在其项目中强制实施BIM，并将BIM作为其组织内的长期解决方案。有证据表明，在项目环境中部署BIM涉及到业主和供应商之间当前合同安排的全面改革[3]。它还需要为项目生命周期中涉及的组织重新配置业务实践[4]。业主考虑强制实施BIM的挑战是相当大的：一个尚未准备好的市场，培训成本和学习曲线，项目团队全面参与的必要性，太多的法律的障碍，模型所有权问题，以及缺乏标准化[5]。本研究的目的是研究信息是如何产生和交换在这个关键的接口，根据这些上述障碍。 第二个例子是在咨询团队中，更准确地说是能源分析过程或建筑师和机械工程师之间的接口。一些工作已经研究了执行能量分析的技术方面[6，7]。然而，BIM环境中能源建模的程序方面很少有记录。通过更广泛的互操作性透镜，可以彻底分析作为能量分析过程特征的信息生成和交换的迭代过程。

The construction industry performs poorly compared to other industries. The two problems identified in numerous studies are 1) the poor value of the end product in terms of quality, the lack of fit for purpose and sustainability; and 2) for the delivery of this product, the poor productivity/predictability (cost and schedule). The core issues identified in research related to these problems are the high multilevel fragmentation, and the linear design and construction process. The cost of the lack of performance from this fragmented and linear process varies from study to study between 30 to 50% of the total project cost. The solutions proposed by research and industry are the integration of: the design process, teams or practices, or of information through information technology. This integration requires however moving from linear and fragmented to integrated and iterative processes, from craftsmanship to agile organization of work, from the management of work packages, activities and tasks to the management of workflows and dataflows. The challenges are multidimensional, complex and systemic; addressing and balancing technological, semantic and organizational issues of interoperability within the project network. This research program aims to study two specific instances of information generation and exchange within the project supply chain using Building Information Modeling (BIM) – a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies for the generation and management of digital representations of a facility. These two instances are seen as critical interfaces in the overall project lifecycle. The first instance is the interface between the owner and the consulting team. It has been reported that Owners have the most potential to benefit from the deployment of BIM [1], and have the most influence in deploying BIM within project settings [2] . However, there seems to be an overall lack of initiative and leadership on the part of the Owners to mandate BIM on their projects and implement BIM as a long-term solution within their organizations. There is evidence that the deployment of BIM in a project setting involves a complete overhaul of the current contractual arrangements between owners and suppliers [3] . It also requires a re-configuration of business practices for the organizations involved in the project lifecycle [4]. The challenges for owners contemplating mandating BIM are considerable: an unready market, training costs and the learning curve, the necessity for the full participation of the project team, too many legal barriers, issues with model ownership, and a lack of standardization [5]. The research aims to study how information is generated and exchanged at this critical interface in light of these aforementioned barriers. The second instance is within the consulting team, more precisely the energy analysis process or the interface between architect and mechanical engineer. Some work has looked into the technological aspects of performing energy analysis [6, 7]. However, the procedural aspects of energy modeling in a BIM environment have been sparsely documented. Through the broader lens of interoperability, the iterative process of information generation and exchange that characterizes the energy analysis process can be thoroughly analyzed.