Smart Material Transducers and Applications to In Vivo Microsystems

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Microsystems with embedded sensors and actuators, or micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), have developed increased functionalities that could allow the treatment and monitoring of lesions inside the body in a minimally invasive manner. However, significant barriers to their use in biological environment include their ineffective interaction with three dimensional (3D) tissues caused by their planar forms, fragility associated with their design complexity, and biocompatibility issues, leading to severely hindered performance or malfunctions of the devices. MEMS-based implants are still too large in many cases including vascular applications. Moreover, wireless operation is essential for implantable microsystems. Addressing these challenges require breakthrough approaches.