Modulators of memory and subjective experiences

我们在日常生活中做出的许多决定都会受到记忆提取的影响(我以前见过这种情况吗？)以及我们对自己主观体验的评价(我喜欢这样吗？)这项研究旨在阐明编码和提取因素如何塑造记忆的准确性(目标1)，以及任务和背景因素如何塑造主观记忆和审美体验(目标2)。目标1是详细说明影响记忆准确性的因素。这个问题是理解人类记忆的核心，对学习者来说也有实际应用。在这个目标范围内，项目1旨在了解为什么一种简单的编码策略--大声说出项目--有利于记忆。学习中的“产出性”是否使项目在记忆中与众不同，从而在测试中诱导出一种基于与众不同的策略？或者，生产只是提高了整体记忆力？为了测试力量的描述，我们将检验生产(与静默阅读相比)是否会对记忆产生更强的无意识影响。另一项研究将使用大脑成像(FMRI)来检查负责产生效应的大脑区域，这将有助于区分特异性和强度账户。项目2将使用回忆、识别和来源判断任务来检验为什么独特的编码可以减少潜在的错误记忆错觉。它是否减少了关于未研究项目的信息编码？或者，这会导致在测试中使用区分策略吗？项目3将解决为什么进行初步记忆测试有时会改善记忆，有时会损害记忆，这一问题在教育和目击者情况下具有重要意义。目标2是指定影响主观体验的因素(例如，我们认为一幅画有多美)，而不是客观的准确性(参见。目标1)。我们发现，相同的刺激会得到不同的记忆判断，以及不同的审美评级和选择，这取决于任务和背景。例如，背景影响受试者是否将他们的认知体验为“回忆”而不是“熟悉”。项目4将同时使用判断任务和评级任务来三角测量任务和背景如何影响识别体验。同时，项目5将考察背景如何影响主观审美体验。先前的研究已经证实，“回忆”比“熟悉”的经历更能放大瞳孔，“高”的美体验比“低”的美体验更大。因此，每个项目都将测量瞳孔扩大，以检查任务和环境是否影响到“原始”的主观体验，或者我们如何定义和报告它们“离线”。这项拟议的研究将指明记忆和主观体验的调节器。一个长期的计划是评估这样一种可能性，即相同的潜在过程塑造了各种主观体验，导致了指导我们行为和选择的归因。

Many of the decisions we make in daily life are influenced by memory retrieval (Have I seen this before?) and by our evaluation of our subjective experiences (Do I like this?). The proposed research aims to clarify how encoding and retrieval factors shape memory accuracy (Goal 1), and how task and context factors shape subjective memory and aesthetic experiences (Goal 2). Goal 1 is to specify the factors that influence memory accuracy. This issue is central to understanding human memory, and also has practical applications for learners. Within this goal, Project 1 aims to understand why one simple encoding strategy-saying items aloud-benefits memory. Does "production" at study make items distinctive in memory, inducing a distinctiveness-based strategy at test? Or does production merely increase overall memory strength? To test the strength account we will examine whether production (vs. silent reading) yields a stronger unconscious influence on memory. Another study will use brain imaging (fMRI) to examine the brain regions responsible for the production effect which will help distinguish between the distinctiveness and strength accounts. Project 2 will use recall, recognition, and source-judgment tasks to examine why distinctive encoding reduces a potent false memory illusion. Does it reduce the encoding of information about nonstudied items? Or does it lead to use of a distinctiveness strategy at test? Project 3 will resolve why taking an initial memory test sometimes improves and sometimes impairs memory, an issue with important implications in education and eyewitness situations. Goal 2 is to specify the factors that influence subjective experiences (e.g., how beautiful we deem a painting), rather than objective accuracy (cf. Goal 1). We have found that the same stimuli receive different memory judgments, and different aesthetic ratings and choices, depending on the task and context. For example, context influences whether subjects experience their recognition as "recollection" versus "familiarity". Project 4 will use both judgment and rating tasks to triangulate how task and context shape recognition experiences. In parallel, Project 5 will examine how context affects subjective aesthetic experiences. Prior studies have confirmed that pupil dilation is greater for "recollect" than "familiar" experiences, and greater for "high" than "low" beauty experiences. Each project will therefore measure pupil dilation to examine whether task and context influence "raw" subjective experiences or how we define and report them "offline". The proposed studies will specify modulators of memory and subjective experiences. A long term plan is to evaluate the possibility that the same underlying process shapes all varieties of subjective experience, resulting in attributions that guide our behaviour and choices.**