Modulators of memory and subjective experiences

我们在日常生活中做出的许多决定都受到记忆检索（我以前见过这个吗？）和主观经验评估（我喜欢这个吗？）的影响。本研究旨在阐明编码和检索因素如何影响记忆准确性（目标1），任务和情境因素如何影响主观记忆和审美体验（目标2）。目标1是指定影响记忆准确性的因素。这个问题是理解人类记忆的核心，对学习者也有实际应用。在这个目标中，Project 1旨在理解为什么一个简单的编码策略——大声说出项目——有利于记忆。研究中的“生产”是否使记忆中的物品具有独特性，从而在测试中诱发基于独特性的策略？或者生产只是增加了整体的记忆强度？为了检验强度解释，我们将检验是否阅读（相对于默读）对记忆产生更强的无意识影响。另一项研究将使用脑成像（fMRI）来检查负责生产效应的大脑区域，这将有助于区分独特性和力量。项目2将使用回忆、识别和来源判断任务来检验为什么独特的编码会减少有效的错误记忆错觉。它是否减少了对非研究项目信息的编码？还是会导致在测试中使用独特性策略？项目3将解决为什么进行初始记忆测试有时会提高记忆力，有时会损害记忆力，这是一个在教育和目击情况下具有重要意义的问题。目标2是指定影响主观体验的因素（例如，我们认为一幅画有多漂亮），而不是客观准确性（参见目标1）。我们发现，根据任务和环境的不同，同样的刺激会得到不同的记忆判断，以及不同的审美评价和选择。例如，情境影响被试是否将他们的认知体验为“回忆”还是“熟悉”。项目4将使用判断和评级任务来三角测量任务和上下文如何塑造识别经验。同时，项目5将研究环境如何影响主观审美体验。先前的研究已经证实，“回忆”比“熟悉”经历时瞳孔扩张更大，“高”美比“低”美更大。因此，每个项目都将测量瞳孔扩张，以检查任务和环境是否会影响“原始的”主观体验，或者我们如何“离线”定义和报告它们。提出的研究将具体说明记忆和主观经验的调制器。一个长期的计划是评估相同的潜在过程形成各种主观经验的可能性，从而导致指导我们行为和选择的归因

Many of the decisions we make in daily life are influenced by memory retrieval (Have I seen this before?) and by our evaluation of our subjective experiences (Do I like this?). The proposed research aims to clarify how encoding and retrieval factors shape memory accuracy (Goal 1), and how task and context factors shape subjective memory and aesthetic experiences (Goal 2). Goal 1 is to specify the factors that influence memory accuracy. This issue is central to understanding human memory, and also has practical applications for learners. Within this goal, Project 1 aims to understand why one simple encoding strategy-saying items aloud-benefits memory. Does "production" at study make items distinctive in memory, inducing a distinctiveness-based strategy at test? Or does production merely increase overall memory strength? To test the strength account we will examine whether production (vs. silent reading) yields a stronger unconscious influence on memory. Another study will use brain imaging (fMRI) to examine the brain regions responsible for the production effect which will help distinguish between the distinctiveness and strength accounts. Project 2 will use recall, recognition, and source-judgment tasks to examine why distinctive encoding reduces a potent false memory illusion. Does it reduce the encoding of information about nonstudied items? Or does it lead to use of a distinctiveness strategy at test? Project 3 will resolve why taking an initial memory test sometimes improves and sometimes impairs memory, an issue with important implications in education and eyewitness situations. Goal 2 is to specify the factors that influence subjective experiences (e.g., how beautiful we deem a painting), rather than objective accuracy (cf. Goal 1). We have found that the same stimuli receive different memory judgments, and different aesthetic ratings and choices, depending on the task and context. For example, context influences whether subjects experience their recognition as "recollection" versus "familiarity". Project 4 will use both judgment and rating tasks to triangulate how task and context shape recognition experiences. In parallel, Project 5 will examine how context affects subjective aesthetic experiences. Prior studies have confirmed that pupil dilation is greater for "recollect" than "familiar" experiences, and greater for "high" than "low" beauty experiences. Each project will therefore measure pupil dilation to examine whether task and context influence "raw" subjective experiences or how we define and report them "offline". The proposed studies will specify modulators of memory and subjective experiences. A long term plan is to evaluate the possibility that the same underlying process shapes all varieties of subjective experience, resulting in attributions that guide our behaviour and choices.**