Understanding the Chemistry of High-Temperature Li-CFx Primary Battery**

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Non-rechargeable lithium batteries are the power source of choice for tools used in oil and gas drilling operations due to their high energy density (long run time). Along with the tools and instrumentation, the batteries need to withstand both the shock and vibration and extreme thermal environments typically found during drilling. Lithium metal - thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) has been the battery chemistry of choice for the oil and gas industry for the past 30 years. Over the last several years there have been some severe injuries and fatalities worldwide associated with failures in the current battery technology in oil and gas tools. Thus, non-rechargeable battery manufacturers such as the Calgary-based Engineered Power are pushing for the development of safer and long-term temperature stable batteries. An alternative to the Li-SOCl2 chemistry is the lithium metal - poly-carbon monofluoride (Li-CFx). Li-CFx can offer up to two times the capacity of Li-SOCl2, and is exceptionally stable, offering excellent shelf life (>10 years) and minimal (<10%) self-discharge. Engineered Power has recently introduced Li-CFx batteries, but cell voltage instability issues currently limit these batteries to use at temperatures below (<110 °C). For wide acceptance into the market, the temperature limit needs to be raised to at least 150 C. The collaboration between the Thangadurai battery research group at the University of Calgary and Engineered Power aims to understand the cause(s) of voltage instability in Li-CFx batteries at elevated temperatures through extensive physical and electrochemical characterization. The knowledge of what causes the voltage instability would allow the company to identify and test materials or processes for stable Li-CFx batteries. The eventual development and introduction to market by Engineered Power of a higher temperature version of Li-CFx batteries benefit the Canadian as well as international oil and gas instrumentation business by having access to safe, high-performance batteries.**