Prospective Memory

未来记忆

• 批准号: RGPIN-2019-06388
• 负责人: Uttl, Bob
• 金额: $ 2.04万
• 依托单位: Mount Royal University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=738882
• 关键词: Prospective; Memory

Episodic prospective memory (ProM) is the ability that allows us to make plans and to recollect them later at the right time or place. In contrast, retrospective memory (RetM) is the ability that allows us to recollect specific prior experiences or events. For example, if we make a plan to stop for groceries at the market on the way home, episodic ProM is necessary to bring back to awareness this plan as we drive by the market, and then RetM is required to recollect which groceries we planned to buy. Episodic ProM is distinguished from vigilance/monitoring, another subdomain of ProM, where the plan remains in consciousness throughout the retention period. In a classical example of vigilance/monitoring, an air traffic controller maintains a plan to separate air planes in consciousness and constantly watches out for cues that the air planes are in danger of coming too close to each other and issues directives whenever the air planes may come too close to each other.      The long term goal of my research is to advance our understanding of processes involved in age-related changes in prospective memory. Leading theories have made different predictions about magnitude of age declines in prospective memory with some theories predicting no age-related declines (McDaniel & Einstein, 2000) whereas other theories predicting substantial age-related declines (Craik, 1983, 1986). Although overwhelming evidence shows age declines in all aspects of episodic ProM, it is unclear what is the pattern of age declines (e.g., linear, accelerated), whether the pattern depends on subdomain of ProM (episodic ProM vs. vigilance/monitoring), what proportion of age declines can be explained by age declines in fundamental cognitive processes, and which factors influence the size of age declines. The four short-term objectives are: (1) to examine pattern of age-differences in episodic ProM vs. vigilance/monitoring across adult lifespan; (2) to examine contribution of individual differences in fundamental cognitive process including processing speed, working memory, crystalized intelligence, fluid intelligence, and personality to age differences in episodic ProM vs. vigilance/monitoring; (3) to examine convergent and divergent validity of episodic ProM and vigilance/monitoring measures; and (4) to examine how encoding/retrieval interactions, encoding/planning activities, and motivation (using monetary incentives) influence age differences in episodic ProM.      The proposed research is important from both theoretical and applied perspectives. First, the research will advance theories of ProM by examining patterns of age declines and fundamental cognitive processes involved in ProM. Second, the research will also result in normative data on reliable and valid measures of episodic ProM, the data that are currently missing but are critical in clinical and applied settings for supporting older adults' independent living.

情景前瞻记忆（ProM）是一种让我们制定计划并在合适的时间或地点回忆起来的能力。相比之下，回溯性记忆（RetM）是一种让我们回忆起特定的先前经历或事件的能力。例如，如果我们计划在回家的路上在市场停下来购买杂货，那么在我们开车经过市场时需要情景ProM来提醒我们这个计划，然后需要RetM来回忆我们计划购买哪些杂货。情景性记忆提前记忆不同于警惕性/监视性，后者是记忆提前记忆的另一个子领域，在记忆提前记忆中，计划在整个记忆期间都保持在意识中。在一个警戒/监视的经典例子中，空中交通管制员在意识中保持着一个分离飞机的计划，并不断地观察飞机之间过于接近的危险信号，并在飞机可能过于接近时发出指令。我研究的长期目标是推进我们对前瞻记忆中与年龄相关的变化过程的理解。领先的理论对前瞻性记忆的年龄下降幅度做出了不同的预测，一些理论预测没有年龄相关的下降（McDaniel & Einstein, 2000），而另一些理论预测与年龄相关的大幅下降（Craik, 1983, 1986）。尽管大量证据表明，年龄在发作性早破的各个方面都有所下降，但目前尚不清楚年龄下降的模式是什么（例如，线性的，加速的），这种模式是否取决于早破的子域（发作性早破vs.警惕/监测），年龄下降的比例可以用基本认知过程的年龄下降来解释，以及哪些因素影响年龄下降的大小。四个短期目标是：(1)在整个成人生命周期中检查发作性早破与警惕/监测的年龄差异模式；(2)考察基本认知过程（包括加工速度、工作记忆、结晶智力、流体智力和人格）的个体差异对情景性早破与警惕/监测的年龄差异的贡献；(3)检查情景性早破和警戒/监测措施的收敛性和发散性有效性；(4)研究编码/检索交互作用、编码/计划活动和动机（使用金钱激励）如何影响情景性早破的年龄差异。本研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。首先，该研究将通过检查年龄下降的模式和ProM涉及的基本认知过程来推进ProM的理论。其次，该研究还将产生关于发作性早破的可靠和有效测量的规范数据，这些数据目前缺失，但在支持老年人独立生活的临床和应用环境中至关重要。