The Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Major Continental Aerosol Species Over the North Atlantic Ocean

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学已经从一个主要致力于研究城市污染和空气质量等局部问题的年轻研究学科发展成为一门涉及各种化学物质在半球到全球范围内循环的成熟科学。在很大程度上，这种变化是由于人们日益认识到，人类活动可以对自然对流层造成化学干扰，其规模远远超出当地的关注范围。众所周知的例子包括某些氮化合物、铅和其他重金属、人工放射性核素、一些合成有机物质、某些形成酸的物种、二氧化碳和甲烷的区域到全球浓度的变化。大气中的这些化学变化通常可以扩展到远离原始来源地区的地球土壤、海洋和生物群。它们可能导致地球气候的变化，重要的营养循环的变化，并对地球上的公共健康和生活质量产生重大影响。大气/海洋化学实验（AEROCE）将是一个以北大西洋区域为中心的协调的多机构大气和海洋化学研究项目。欧空局项目的最终目标将是发展在北大西洋上空海洋对流层观测到的大陆衍生物种的预测能力。在AEROCE中，地点的选择和测量方案是由建模人员和现场实验人员共同制定的。这一AEROCE要素将包括对AEROCE网络收集的气溶胶和降水样本进行化学研究，该网络将由四个站点组成：巴巴多斯；Bermuda-West;梅斯黑德，爱尔兰；Izania,特内里费。主要目标是：(1)描述北大西洋上空主要的源自大陆的气溶胶种类和一些相关的次要种类；(2)研究这些物种在空气中浓度的时间和区域变化；(3)测定降水中同一树种的浓度；(4)根据这些物种在空气和降水中的浓度，估计向海洋沉积的速率；(5)在选定微量金属的情况下，测量其溶解（或可溶）分数。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. This AEROCE element will include a chemical study of aerosol and precipitation samples collected in the AEROCE network which will consist of four stations: Barbados; Bermuda-West; Mace Head, Ireland; Izania, Tenerife. The principal objectives are: (1) to characterize the major continentally-derived aerosol species and some related minor species that are present over the North Atlantic Ocean; (2) to study the temporal and areal variability in the concentration of these species in air; (3) to measure the concentration of these same species in precipitation; (4) on the basis of the concentration of these species in the air and in precipitation, to estimate the rate of deposition to the ocean; (5) in the case of selected trace metals, to measure the dissolved (or soluble fraction).