time perception in action settings

行动环境中的时间感知是有偏差的。参与者判断自愿行为发生的时间较晚，判断自我产生的行为效应发生的时间较早，而判断没有效果的行为或没有事前行为的刺激发生的时间较早（e.g., Haggard, Aschersleben, Gehrke, & Prinz, 2002）。这种效应被称为意图结合效应，可能是因为在意图行为和预期效果之间发生了一种结合机制。在第一个项目中，我们应用了一种心理物理学的方法——持续刺激的方法——来验证当一个动作引起一个效果时，动作和效果之间的间隔被认为更短。通过这种方法，我们能够证明，无论参与者是自愿行动还是刺激指示反应来产生效果，动作-效果间隔都被认为更短。此外，我们证明了时间感知不依赖于动作效果的同一性或动作-效果间隔是否可预测。最后，我们发现行动情境中的时间感知与产生效果的感觉密切相关，因此与代理感密切相关。在第二个项目阶段，我们的目标是研究动作效应间隔的时间感知和代理感是否依赖于动作效应情节的可变性。此外，我们的目标是阐述学习过程对时间感知和代理感的时间点的影响。最后，我们感兴趣的是自上而下的战略知识对行动和效果的时间感知的影响。

Time perception in action settings is biased. Participants judge the occurrence of a voluntary action latter and the occurrence of a self-produced action effect earlier than the occurrence of an action without effect or the occurrence of a stimulus without prior action (e.g., Haggard, Aschersleben, Gehrke, & Prinz, 2002). This effect is called intentional binding effect and presumably occurs because of a binding mechanism that takes places between an intentional action and an intended effect. In the first project part, we applied a psychophysical method - the method of constant stimuli - to verify that the interval between action and effect is perceived shorter when an action causes an effect. With this method, we were able to demonstrate that action-effect intervals are perceived shorter irrespective of whether participants perform a voluntary action or a stimulus-instructed response to produce the effect. In addition, we demonstrated that time perception does not depend on whether the identity of the action effect or the action-effect interval is predictable or not. Finally, we showed that time perception in action settings is closely related to the feeling to have caused an effect, thus to sense of agency. In the second project phase, we aim to investigate whether time perception of action-effect intervals and sense of agency depend on the variability of action-effect episodes. Additionally, we aim to elaborate the impact of learning processes regarding the time point of an effect on time perception and sense of agency. And finally we are interested in the impact of top-down strategical knowledge on time perception of actions and effects.