Experimental studies on rumination and mindfulness: A multilevel approach using fMRI and ambulatory assessment in clinical and nonclinical samples

在第一个资助期（2010-2013年），该项目使用fMRI研究了诱导注意焦点（反刍，正念）的功能连接和神经相关性，以及缓解抑郁症患者和健康对照者日常生活中自发和诱导注意焦点对情绪，认知和内分泌过程的影响。在这种情况下，我们检查两个测量水平（功能磁共振成像，动态评估，AA）的结果之间的关系和他们的预测价值的过程中的症状。通过整合这两种研究方法，我们的项目在反刍和正念研究领域寻求一种全新的方法。在第二个供资期（2013-2016）我们旨在研究在第一个资助期内确定的基于AA和fMRI的预测因子，以了解其预测患者长期症状病程和复发/复发风险的潜力，以及研究特定正念的干预效果-在一个新的样本的patients.Substudy 1的神经和日常参数的基础上的注意力训练，旨在进行为期三年的研究期间1调查的缓解抑郁症患者（n=60）的结论性随访。这允许在这个已经广泛表征的样本中检查基于AA和fMRI的变量中抑郁相关改变对长期症状过程的长期预测作用。除其他外，我们假设日常反刍增加，情绪状态恶化和对日常生活中主观体验的皮质醇反应降低将预测症状恶化和复发/复发风险增加。我们还预计，在消极情绪和反刍诱导期间，患者的默认模式网络（DMN）内确定的功能连接增加将预测三年内症状的不利过程。最后，我们期望基线时的功能连接程度与症状进程之间的关系将通过基线时的每日反刍程度来介导。子研究2旨在调查为期四周的正念注意力训练（n=35）与时间匹配的主动控制条件相比的短期效果（渐进性肌肉放松，n=35）在一项随机实验干预研究中的DMN的功能连接的变化，以及反刍，情绪过程，皮质醇活动在日常生活中的一个新的样本缓解复发性抑郁症患者。特别是，我们预计正念训练将导致DMN的功能连接性更强地减少，日常反刍的减少更大，自传体记忆特异性和习惯性正念的增加更大。最后，我们预计，改善日常反刍将介导的影响，干预功能连接的DMN。

During the first funding period (2010-2013), the project investigated functional connectivity and neural correlates of induced attention foci (rumination, mindfulness) using fMRI, and effects of spontaneous and induced attention foci on emotional, cognitive and endocrinological processes in daily life in remitted depressed patients and healthy controls. In this context, we examine the relationship between results of both measurement levels (fMRI, ambulatory assessment, AA) and their predictive value for the course of symptoms. By integrating both research approaches, our project pursues an as yet completely new approach in the area of rumination and mindfulness research. In the second funding period (2013-2016) we aim at investigating AA- and fMRI-based predictors identified during the first funding period with regard to their potential to predict the long-term symptom course and risk of relapse/recurrence in patients, as well as at investigating intervention effects of a specific mindfulness-based attention training on neural and everyday parameters in a new sample of patients.Substudy 1 intends to conduct a concluding three-year-follow-up of the remitted depressed patients (n=60) investigated in study period 1. This allows an examination of long-term predictive effects of depression-related alterations in AA- and fMRI-based variables for the longterm course of symptoms in this already extensively characterized sample. Amongst others, we assume that increased daily rumination, worse mood states and a decreased cortisol response towards subjective experiences in daily life will predict a worse course of symptoms and an increased risk of relapse/recurrence. We also expect that the increased functional connectivity identified within the Default Mode Network (DMN) in patients during negative mood and rumination induction will predict a disadvantageous course of symptoms over the three-year period. Finally, we expect that the relationship between degree of functional connectivity at baseline and the course of symptoms will be mediated by the degree of daily rumination at baseline.Substudy 2 aims to investigate the short-term effects of a four-week mindfulness-based attention training (n=35) compared to a time-matched active control condition (progressive muscle relaxation, n=35) in a randomised experimental intervention study on changes in functional connectivity of the DMN as well as rumination, emotional processes, and cortisol activity in daily life in a new sample of remitted recurrent depressed patients. In particular, we expect that the mindfulness training will lead to a stronger decrease in functional connectivity in the DMN, to a more substantial reduction in daily rumination, and to larger increases in autobiographical memory specificity and habitual mindfulness. Finally, we expect that improvements in daily rumination will mediate the effect of the intervention on functional connectivity in the DMN.