The Influence of Mountains on Climate

地形对天气和气候的三个最重要的影响是：山成风和重力波、地形降水和热力环流。对于这三种现象，人们理解了一些基本的物理要素，但在将形式理论与现实世界联系起来方面仍然存在严重的困难。在所有三个科目中，问题都是一样的。这些理论还不够先进，不足以与完全的数值模拟和观测结果相联系。如果没有这种联系，科学进步就会放缓。近几个月来，首席调查员在所有三个领域都开发了新的分析方法；有望为中尺度山区气象学提供更坚实的理论基础。根据现场数据和数值模型对这些理论方法进行扩展和测试是本项目的目标。首席研究员将研究三个主题：*山波和边界层：研究山波和山波相互作用的一种新的理论方法。其目的是了解BLS如何控制复杂地形中的海浪生成、海浪阻力和波动量通量、地形降水和地面风场。*地形降水：综合利用卫星数据、同位素数据和实地项目的特殊数据，将检验一种新的地形降水理论，并在必要时加以推广。*热循环：正在发展一种新的昼夜热循环理论；包括旋转和切变。这一理论将与海风和山区的常规地面气压数据进行对比测试。在这项研究的过程中，首席研究员将为地形诱导旋翼实验做出贡献。智力上的优点：该方法不同于其他小组的方法，它强调理论分析和新的观测技术。当成功的理论得以发展时，新知识的传播就会加快。将强调大气动力学在区域气候问题上的应用。更广泛的影响：通过推进大气物理知识，这项研究将有助于天气和气候预报的数值模式开发和测试。这项工作还将对广泛的地球科学领域产生影响，如区域气候、古气候、古高度学、冰川学、景观演化、中层大气动力学、示踪剂扩散和风能。学生将从参与现场、实验室和数据分析活动中获得经验和动力。

The three most important orographic influences on weather and climate are: mountain induced winds and gravity waves, orographic precipitation and thermal circulations. For these three phenomena, some of the basic physical elements are understood but there remain serious difficulties in connecting formal theory with the real world. In all three subjects, the problem is the same. The theories have not advanced enough to connect with results from full numerical modeling and observation. Without this connection, scientific progress has slowed. In recent months, new analytical approaches in all three areas have been developed by the Principal Investigator; promising to provide a more solid theoretical foundation for mesoscale mountain meteorology. The extension and testing of these theoretical approaches against field data and numerical models is a goal of this current project. The Principal Investigator will attack three topics:* Mountain waves and Boundary Layers (BL): A new theoretical approach to the interactions of BLs and mountain waves will be investigated. The goal is to understand how BLs control the generation of waves, wave drag and wave momentum flux, orographic precipitation, and surface winds fields in complex terrain. * Orographic precipitation: Using a combination of satellite data, isotope data and special data from field projects, a new theory of orographic precipitation will tested and, if necessary, extended. * Thermal circulations: A new theory of diurnal thermal circulations is being developed; including rotation and shear. This theory will be tested against conventional surface pressure data in sea breeze and mountain regions. In the course of this research the Principal Investigator will contribute to the Terrain Induced Rotor Experiment.Intellectual Merit: The approach differs from that of other groups by its emphasis on theoretical analysis and new observational techniques. When successful theories can be developed, the dissemination of new knowledge is accelerated. Applications of atmospheric dynamics to questions of regional climate will be emphasized. Broader Impacts: By advancing knowledge of atmospheric physics, the research will contribute to numerical model development and testing for weather and climate forecasting. The work will also have an impact on broad areas of geoscience such as regional climate, paleo-climate, paleoaltimetry, glaciology, landscape evolution, middle atmosphere dynamics, tracer dispersal, and wind energy. Students will gain experience and motivation from participation in field, laboratory and data analysis activities.