Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Lords of the Snowy Ranges: Urbanism and Landscape Transformation in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia 1000 to 1600 AD

在Alan Kolata博士的监督下，Santiago Giraldo将比较两个Tairona遗址，Pueblito和Ciudad Perdida，以确定这些城镇的发展和扩张是否存在共同或不同的建筑模式、布局和对周围景观的环境影响。Pueblito和Ciudad Perdida位于哥伦比亚北部海岸的圣玛尔塔内华达山脉，这是一个以生物多样性和独特的动植物群而闻名的沿海山脉。Ciudad Perdida是一个位于Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta国家公园范围内的国家考古公园，而Pueblito位于Tairona国家公园内。从大约公元1000年到公元1600年，这两个地方都是重要的政治、仪式和经济中心，直到圣玛尔塔省的西班牙总督镇压了泰罗纳人对殖民的抵抗。在这段时间里，泰罗纳人建立了广泛的石板铺就的道路网络，灌溉和水渠系统，梯田农业，和大型（超过1.2平方英里）的石头砌筑城镇在一个山区约1800平方英里。对泰罗纳人的基础研究很重要，因为它提供了关于这些鲜为人知的社会的社会和政治组织的急需信息。通过解决城市历史、聚落布局和环境影响的问题，本项目解决了关于政治、聚落增长和组织之间关系的基本问题，以及它在古代社会中更广泛的环境影响。为了实现这一目标，该项目试图确定是否存在一个证明特定设计的建筑模式，或者，另一方面，如果这些城镇增长缓慢，没有确定的计划。研究还将集中于整理两个地点与“核心”或行政区域和住宅部门相关的建筑事件的顺序和时间，以便确定内部变化。也就是说，如果规划和建设在特定时间集中在某些部门，而不是其他部门。由于这两个地点的定居点增长一定伴随着热带森林的砍伐，这项研究还将衡量周围地区被改造的程度，以适应新的结构和表面上更大的人口。通过综合利用从这些定居点内外地区采集的化石花粉芯，并将这些数据与现有卫星图像所证明的当前植被模式进行比较，将重建古代植被模式。超越与社会科学家相关的具体研究问题，该项目将产生关于这些保护区的环境历史和古代人类-环境动态的长期影响的新的相关信息，这些信息将引起其他领域科学家的兴趣。由于挖掘工作将在两个遗址对公众开放的区域进行，该项目还将提高人们对古代社会科学研究的认识，以及国家和国际机构的努力。该项目的一个基本组成部分是在国家公园（导游、游客、工作人员、科学人员）和圣玛尔塔市的教育机构内进行广泛的公众宣传。在美国，正在进行的工作包括与菲尔德自然历史博物馆（芝加哥）馆长和工作人员广泛合作，设计将于2006年开放的泰罗纳展览，该展览将使用该项目收集的数据。由哥伦比亚人类学和历史研究所（icanh）主办的项目网站将提供一种快速和有效的方式来公布项目结果和信息，而在哥伦比亚和国际评审期刊上发表将确保科学界能够访问这些结果。

Supervised by Dr. Alan Kolata, Santiago Giraldo will compare two Tairona sites, Pueblito and Ciudad Perdida, in order to determine the existence of shared or dissimilar patterns of construction, layout, and environmental impact on the surrounding landscape as these towns grew and expanded. Pueblito and Ciudad Perdida are located in Colombia's northern coast within the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, a coastal mountain range noted for its biodiversity and unique fauna and flora. Ciudad Perdida is a national archaeological park located within the confines of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park, and Pueblito is located within Tairona National Park. Both sites flourished as important political, ritual, and economic centers from approximately 1000 A:D until 1600 A.D. when the Spanish governor of the province of Santa Marta crushed Tairona resistance to colonization. During this time, the Tairona polities built extensive flagstone paved road networks, irrigation and water channeling systems, terraced agricultural fields, and large (over 1.2 square mile) stone masonry towns in a mountainous area comprising some 1800 square miles. Basic research on the Tairona is important because it provides much needed information on the social and political organization of these poorly known societies. By addressing questions of urban history, settlement layout, and environmental impact, this project addresses basic issues regarding the relationship between politics, settlement growth and organization, and its broader environmental effects in ancient societies. To achieve this, the project seeks to determine whether a construction pattern evidencing a specific design exists, or, on the other hand, if these towns grew slowly and by accretion, following no determinate plan. Research will also concentrate on sorting out the sequence and timing of construction events at both sites related to what seem to be "core" or administrative areas and residential sectors so that internal variation may also be determined. That is, if planning and construction were concentrated on certain sectors and not others at specific moments in time. Since settlement growth in both sites must have been accompanied by tropical forest clearing, this study will also gauge the extent to which the surrounding areas were modified to accommodate new structures and ostensibly larger populations. Ancient vegetation patterns will be reconstructed through the combined use of fossil pollen cores taken from areas within and outside these settlements, and the comparison of these data to current vegetation patterns evidenced in available satellite imagery.Moving beyond specific research questions relevant to social scientists, this project will produce new and relevant information regarding the environmental history of these conservation areas and the long lasting effects of ancient human-environment dynamics which will be of interest to scientists in other fields. Since excavations will proceed in areas open to the public at both sites, the project will also enhance awareness of scientific research concerning ancient societies, and efforts by national and international institutions. A fundamental component of this project is extensive public outreach within both national parks (guides, visitors, personnel, scientific staff) and in educational institutions in the city of Santa Marta. In the US, ongoing efforts include extensive collaboration with Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago) curators and staff in the design of a Tairona exhibit due to open in 2006 for which data collected by this project will be used. A project website hosted by the Colombian Institute for Anthropology and History-ICANH will provide a quick and efficient way of making public project results and information, while publication in Colombian and international refereed journals will ensure that the scientific community has access to these results.