Behavior-Based Safety Management and the decrease of work-safety tension: The impact of feedback and rewards as organizational measures to increase safety-related rule compliance.

化学品安全委员会或国际原子能机构发布的几乎每一份事故报告都指出：a)操作人员培训充足；b)缺少、不充分或未应用与安全相关的程序；c)缺乏对安全和风险管理的管理关注。从我们的研究角度来看，我们调查了没有被有意应用或没有被正确应用的安全相关规则（例如，忽略了实施步骤的正确时机）。这些违规行为的一个原因是生产安全紧张，它代表了实现生产目标和实现安全目标之间的冲突。越来越多的出版物表明，这些冲突导致偷工减料的违法行为增加。本文从四个方面探讨了减轻工作安全紧张的研究重点：1)结果与过程反馈的影响；2)对遵守安全相关规则的奖励的影响，而不是对违反安全相关规则的惩罚；3)安全相关目标和生产目标对减轻工作安全紧张的影响；4)持续与追回相关奖罚的影响。总体目标是通过应用基于行为的安全管理和基于行为的安全激励计划的概念，研究减少工作安全紧张的措施，并将注意力集中在安全和生产上。提出了七个假设，并计划在两个实验中进行研究，并在AWASim年度实施：提高执行安全相关程序的技能（熟练程度）的过程反馈比结果反馈导致更多的规则遵从。2. 遵守规则的奖励比违反规则的惩罚导致更多的安全相关规则遵守。软违规的数量（基于我们之前的研究）在遵守奖励条件下比在违规处罚条件下更低。与单独的生产目标奖励相比，将安全相关目标和生产相关目标的实现结合起来的奖励制度减少了违反规则的次数。5. 弹坑效应（见以前的研究）只出现在惩罚条件下。6. 对遵守规定的持续奖励导致遵守规定的数量比年底的追回规定要高。7. 预付奖励（带有追回条款）比基于奖励的追回条款导致更少的规则违规。拟议的研究项目的结果可以丰富和发展理论，并得出实际影响的结论，以便减少与安全有关的违反规则的行为。

Almost every incident report published by the Chemical Safety Board or the IAEA points to a) adequate operator training, b) missing, inadequate or not applied safety-relate d procedures and c) missing management attention with regard to safety and risk management. From our research perspective we investigate safety related rules that are not applied intentionally or are not applied correctly (e.g. ignoring the right timing for the implementation of steps). One reason for these kinds of rule violations is the work-safety tension which represents a conflict between the achievement of production goals and the achievement of safety goals. An increasing number of publications indicate that these conflicts lead to an increase of work around and corner cutting violations. Four research foci are addressed to reduce the work safe tension:1) The impact of result versus process feedback2) The impact of rewards for safety related rule compliance instead of the punishment of rule violations3) The impact of both safety related goals and production goals to reduce the work safe tension4) The impact of continuous versus clawback related rewards/punishment.The overall objective is to investigate measures which reduce the perceived work-safety tension and directs the attention towards both safety and production by applying the concepts of Behavior-Based Safety Management and Behavior Based Safety Incentive Programs. Seven hypothesis are formulated which are planned to be investigated in two experiments which are implemented in AWASim Annual: 1. Process-feedback to improve the skill (proficiency) to execute the safety relevant procedure leads to a higher number of rule compliances than feedback of results. 2. Rewards for rule compliances leads to a higher number of safety related rule compliances than penalties for rule violations.3. The number of soft violations (based on our previous research) is lower in the reward-for-compliance condition than in the penalty-for-violations condition.4. A reward system that incorporates the achievement of safety related and production related objectives reduces the number rule violations compared to the reward of production goals alone. 5. The bomb crater effect (see previous research) appears only in the punishment conditions. 6. A continuous reward for compliance leads to a higher number of rule compliances than a clawback provision at the end of the year. 7. A prepaid reward (with a clawback provision) leads to a lower number of rule violations than the reward-based clawback provision. The results of the proposed research project allow an enrichment and development of theory as well as a conclusion of practical implications in order to reduce safety-related rule violations.