MOD: Integrating Social and Cognitive Elements of Discovery and Innovation

创新和发现需要个人在团队中成功地合作。个体是创新思维和批判性决策的直接来源，了解个体的认知如何受到社会团队合作变量的影响，对于科学与创新政策科学至关重要。以往的研究通常是孤立地研究社会团队合作变量或孤立地研究个体认知变量。要知道如何干预以增加工程和科学产出，必须了解两者之间的关系，否则我们可能会以损害另一个为代价来改善一个，这可能不会对最终的科学或工程生产力产生任何净改善。目前的项目检查了从最近一个非常成功的科学和工程案例中收集的大量视频数据，火星探测漫游者，它不仅远远超出了任务的工程要求，而且产生了许多重要的科学发现。然而，并非每一天的任务都同样成功。从这段视频记录中，该项目追溯了从不同子群体的结构（如在子群体中有正式的角色和知识的多样性）到不同社会过程（如任务冲突、参与的广度、沟通规范和共享的心理模型）的发生，再到不同认知过程(如类比、信息搜索、和评估)，最后是结果（比如火星车控制的新方法和关于火星性质的新假设）。科学与创新政策的另一个关键因素是对发散思维和收敛思维的考察。除非考虑新的想法，否则创新很少发生。但是，除非这些建议中的最佳想法最终被选中，否则不会取得进展。要知道如何最好地进行干预以促进发现和创新，必须在找出何时进行干预方面取得进展，这可能取决于当前需要的是发散思维还是趋同思维。许多先前不一致的研究结果可能是由于未能分别考虑发散思维和趋同思维。目前的项目考察了这两个要素，以建立一个更完整的模型，说明认知和社会变量如何结合在一起，产生新的、成功的工程创新和科学发现。更广泛的影响：美国在科技领域面临着严峻的挑战。必须利用创新来生产新产品，创造就业机会，并加强国民经济。科学和工程团队的繁荣与其他重要的人类努力一样受到严格的审查是至关重要的。本计画对科学与工程教育也有启示：在检视组成、组织与指导团队的方法时，将会根据实证发现，提出教学方法的建议。

Innovation and discovery involve individuals working successfully together in teams. It is critical for the Science of Science and Innovation Policy to understand how the cognition of individuals, the direct source of novel ideas and critical decision making, is impacted by social teamwork variables. Prior research has typically studied social teamwork variables in isolation or individual cognition variables in isolation. To know how to intervene to increase engineering and scientific output, the relationships between the two must be known, or else we might improve one at the cost of hurting the other, which likely would have no net improvement in final scientific or engineering productivity. The current project examines a very large quantity of video data collected from a recent highly successful case of science and engineering, the Mars Exploration Rover, which both wildly exceeded engineering requirements for the mission and produced many important scientific discoveries. Yet, not all days of the mission were equally successful. From this video record, the project traces the path from the structure of different subgroups (such as having formal roles and diversity of knowledge in the subgroups) to the occurrence of different social processes (such as task conflict, breadth of participation, communication norms, and shared mental models) to the occurrence of different cognitive processes (such as analogy, information search, and evaluation) and finally to outcomes (such as new methods for rover control and new hypotheses regarding the nature of Mars).Another critical factor for Science of Science and Innovation Policy is to examine both divergent thinking and convergent thinking. Innovation rarely happens unless new ideas are considered. But progress will not happen unless the best ideas among the proposed set are ultimately selected. To know how to best intervene to improve discovery and innovation, progress must be made on finding out when to intervene, which likely depends upon whether divergent or convergent thinking is currently required. A number of prior inconsistent research results likely resulted from a failure to separately consider divergent and convergent thinking. The current project examines both elements to build a much more complete model of how cognitive and social variables come together to produce new and successful engineering innovations and scientific discoveries. Broader Impacts: The US is facing serious challenges in the fields of science and technology. Innovation must be harnessed to generate new products, create employment opportunities, and strengthen the national economy. It is vital that the flourishing of science and engineering teams be examined with the same rigor as other important human endeavors. This project also has implications for science and engineering education: as ways of composing, structuring, and instructing teams are examined, suggestions for pedagogy will be formulated based on empirical findings.