PIRE: Bilingualism, mind, and brain: An interdisciplinary program in cognitive psychology, linguistics, and cognitive neuroscience

这个由三家美国机构和欧洲和亚洲的七家外国机构合作的项目将调查双语的认知和神经后果，以了解学习和使用多种语言的方式。最近的行为和神经科学证据表明，双语者的两种语言之间的处理互动比之前认为的要广泛，即使双语者只使用一种语言也是如此。因此，双语科学为揭示心智和大脑的基本原理提供了一个工具，否则在专注于单语的研究中就会被模糊。双语研究的下一阶段需要国内和国际合作，以统一我们对双语思维和大脑的本质，双语语言发展的过程以及双语对认知的影响的理解。对于使用多种口语、书面语和手语的差异很大的双语人群来说，国际合作至关重要。该奖项使具有共同研究目标和方法的国际合作者网络能够利用独特和互补的机会来研究人类语言的特性。利用跨学科和跨文化研究中固有的不同视角，将有助于建立一个世界级的研究环境来研究双语科学，使研究成果普遍化，并利用双语作为研究语言在思想和大脑中的表征和处理的工具。该项目将汇集以多种语言（如西班牙语、加泰罗尼亚语、威尔士语和中文）交流的双语研究合作者的互补国际专业知识。这个项目的一个独特之处在于美国和荷兰科学家的合作，探索双模双语对聋人的影响。美国国家科学基金会（nsf）资助的加劳德特大学（Gallaudet University） VL2学习科学中心（VL2 Science of Learning Center）是聋人学生教育和聋人相关研究领域的全球领导者，该中心专注于视觉语言处理问题，将聋人读者识别为使用手语进行交流但阅读书面语言的双语者。荷兰的研究人员也研究手语和手势，聋人识字发展，以及使用不同的手语和书面语的语音手语翻译。这些项目的融合为跨语言合作和培训提供了独特的机会，这在美国是不可能实现的。对双语研究的热情自然吸引了不同寻常的学生、科学家和研究参与者。该项目将致力于利用这种兴奋感，为来自不同年龄和语言能力的研究参与者以及来自科学领域代表性不足的群体的学生和研究人员创造机会，扩大他们对科学的参与。该项目将为学生和科学家提供培训和研究机会，如果没有国际合作，例如在国外进行研究，参加虚拟国际研讨会，发展和维持国际合作，以及由具有语言，识字和神经影像学专业知识的工业伙伴进行培训。该项目还为不同人群的研究提供了机构机会，丰富了本科生、研究生和博士后的培训，并增加了早期职业教师开发全球参与和跨学科合作的研究项目的机会。双语科学的本质本质上是跨学科和跨文化的，该项目为参与的美国机构提供了加强国际办事处和活动的机会，开发评估学生国际经验的调查工具，并为整合和加强跨学科单位的联系提供能量和协同作用。这个项目将加强美国美国机构将从吸引国际访问研究人员和学生中受益，以丰富其校园内的国际化倡议和文化。随着人口和文化特征的不断多样化，美国人口也越来越多地使用双语，因此研究结果有望远远超出学术界。项目合作伙伴包括宾夕法尼亚州立大学、加劳德特大学（D.C.）和耶鲁大学的哈斯金斯实验室（CT）。国际合作伙伴包括ESRC双语理论与实践研究中心、班戈大学（英国班戈）、马克斯普朗克人类认知与脑科学研究所（德国莱比锡）、格拉纳达大学（西班牙格拉纳达）、庞培法布拉大学（西班牙巴塞罗那）、奈梅亨大学（荷兰奈梅亨）、北京师范大学（中国北京）和香港大学（中国）。该项目由美国国家科学基金会国际科学与工程办公室和行为与认知科学部共同资助。

This PIRE project, a collaboration between three U.S. and seven foreign institutions in Europe and Asia, will investigate the cognitive and neural consequences of bilingualism to understand the ways in which multiple languages are learned and used. Recent behavioral and neuroscience evidence suggests that there is more extensive processing interaction between the two languages of a bilingual than previously thought, and this is true even when bilinguals are using only one language. Bilingual science therefore provides a tool for revealing fundamental principles about the mind and the brain otherwise obscured in research focused on monolinguals. The next stage of research on bilingualism calls for national and international collaborations to unify our understanding of the nature of the bilingual mind and brain, the process of bilingual language development, and the consequences of bilingualism for cognition. International collaboration is essential for accessibility to widely differing bilingual populations of several spoken, written, and signed languages. This award enables an international network of collaborators with common research goals and methods to exploit unique and complementary opportunities to investigate properties of human languages. Leveraging the diverse perspectives inherent in interdisciplinary and cross-cultural research will facilitate the establishment of a world-class research context for investigating bilingualism science, enable generalization of research findings, and exploit bilingualism as a tool for investigating the representation and processing of language in the mind and brain. This PIRE project will bring together the complementary international expertise of collaborators studying bilinguals who communicate in a variety of languages (e.g., Spanish, Catalan, Welsh, and Chinese). A unique feature of this project is the partnership of U.S. and Dutch scientists exploring the consequences of bimodal bilingualism in deaf people. The NSF-funded VL2 Science of Learning Center at Gallaudet University, a world leader in education for deaf students and research on topics related to deaf people, focuses on issues of visual language processing recognizing deaf readers as bilinguals using a signed language for communication yet reading a written language. Researchers in The Netherlands also study sign language and gesture, deaf literacy development, and speech-sign translation but using different signed and written languages. The convergence of these projects provides a unique opportunity for cross-linguistic collaboration and training that would not be possible in the U.S. alone.Enthusiasm for bilingualism research naturally draws an unusually diverse group of students, scientists, and research participants. This PIRE project will be committed to harnessing that excitement to create opportunities for broadening participation in science by research participants from a broad spectrum of ages and linguistic abilities, and by students and researchers from groups under-represented in the sciences. This PIRE project will provide training and research opportunities to students and scientists not possible without the international collaboration, such as conducting research abroad, participating in virtual international colloquia, developing and sustaining international collaborations, and training by industrial partners with specific expertise in speech, literacy, and neuroimaging. The project also provides institutional opportunities for research with diverse populations, enriching undergraduate, graduate, and post-doctoral training, and increasing opportunities for early career faculty to develop research programs globally engaged and solidly grounded in cross-disciplinary collaborations. The nature of the science of bilingualism is inherently interdisciplinary and cross-cultural and this project provides opportunities for the participating U.S. institutions to strengthen international offices and activities, develop survey tools to evaluate student's international experiences, and provide energy and synergy for integration and for strengthening links across disciplinary units. This project will strengthen the U.S.'s scientific capital through international training not otherwise available in the U.S. U.S. institutions will benefit from attracting international visiting researchers and students to enrich the internationalizing initiatives and cultures on their campuses. The U.S. population is also increasingly bilingual with ever-diversifying demographic and cultural characteristics so research results are expected to reach well beyond academia.U.S. project partners include The Pennsylvania State University, Gallaudet University (D.C.), and Haskins Laboratories at Yale University (CT). International partners include ESRC Centre for Research on Bilingualism in Theory and Practice, Bangor University (Bangor, UK), the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences (Leipzig, Germany), Universidad de Granada (Granada, Spain), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona, Spain), Radboud University Nijmegen (Nijmegen, The Netherlands), Beijing Normal University (Beijing, China), and the University of Hong Kong (China). This project was jointly funded by NSF's Office of International Science and Engineering and the Division of Behavioral and Cognitive Sciences.