Distributional Politics and Social Protection: the Fourth Module of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES)

选举制度比较研究（CSES）始于20世纪90年代，是一项正在进行的国际项目，旨在研究在不同类型的选举安排下，各国人民在选举时的态度和行为是如何变化的。这是通过在尽可能多的国家对合格选民进行调查，合并所有这些来源的数据，并添加有关选民所在国家和选区的社会经济和体制特征的背景信息来实现的。这种宝贵而独特的数据资源使研究人员能够研究个人特征和环境特征如何共同影响态度和行为。该研究特别关注合格选民关于是否在选举中投票、如何投票以及为什么投票的决定。CSES的核心项目涉及来自60多个国家的200多名选举研究学者。CSES项目每五年设计一个新的通用问题模块，用于所有参与的选举研究。每个参与选举研究的国家都资助并监督本国的数据收集工作。CSES项目只提供协调、科学指导、问卷设计、质量控制等集中功能。目前的建议寻求支助，以完成社发系统第四个模块的活动，以及第五个模块的规划和设计。CSES项目具有很强的智力价值。这是一种独特的公共资源，它以其他方式无法实现的方式促进了对选举和投票选择的理解。该项目帮助研究人员更好地理解：社会、政治和经济因素如何塑造信仰和行为；政治和社会的分裂和结盟是如何形成和转变的；以及生活在不同政治安排下的公民如何评价民主制度和进程。该项目的广泛影响是重大的。CSES接收、清理、检查和合并许多国家工作队收集的所有数据，并通过项目网站：http://www.cses.org向全世界免费和立即提供这些信息。CSES为研究人员、学生、政策制定者、记者、政府和其他相关方提供公共资源。以该项目为基础的出版物数量越来越多。CSES的成果对世界各地选举制度的设计和实施具有政策意义，也对我们对民主的理解具有重要意义。CSES还有许多额外的好处，包括训练学生使用和分析数据。CSES在大学课程中被广泛应用，学生经常担任项目的研究助理。CSES还致力于通过提供合作和联网机会，以及鼓励和指导全世界研究选举和民主的学者，提高选举科学研究的总体质量，特别是在新兴民主国家。

Begun in the 1990s, the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) is an ongoing international project that examines how peoples' attitudes and behaviors at election time vary across countries with different types of electoral arrangements. This is accomplished by conducting surveys of eligible voters in as many countries as possible, merging the data from all of these sources, and adding contextual information about the socio-economic and institutional characteristics of the country and electoral district in which voters find themselves. This valuable and unique data resource allows researchers to study how characteristics of individuals and characteristics of the environment jointly affect attitudes and behavior. In particular, the study focuses on decisions by eligible voters about whether to vote in an election, how to vote, and why.The core CSES project involves over 200 scholars from election studies in over 60 countries. Every five years the CSES project designs a new common module of questions to ask in all of the participating election studies. Each participating election study funds and oversees the data collection in its own country. The CSES project provides coordination, scientific guidance, questionnaire design, quality control, and other centralized functions only. This current proposal seeks support to complete the activities of a fourth module of the CSES, and the planning and design of a fifth module. The CSES project has strong intellectual merit. It is a unique, public resource that advances the understanding of elections and vote choice in ways not possible otherwise. The project helps researchers to better understand: how societal, political, and economic factors shape beliefs and behaviors; how political and social divisions and alignments are formed and transformed; and how citizens, living under diverse political arrangements, evaluate democratic institutions and processes.The broader impacts of the project are significant. CSES receives, cleans, checks, and merges all of the data collected by the many country teams and makes the information freely and immediately available to the world via the project website at: http://www.cses.org. The CSES serves as a public resource for researchers, students, policymakers, journalists, governments, and other interested parties. A large and growing number of publications have been based on the project. The output from CSES has policy implications for the design and implementation of electoral systems around the world, as well as significant implications for our understanding of democracy.CSES has many additional benefits, including the training of students in data use and analysis. CSES is widely used in university courses, and students regularly serve as research assistants for the project. CSES also works to improve the quality of the scientific study of elections generally, in new democracies in particular, by providing collaborative and networking opportunities, and by encouraging and providing guidance to scholars studying elections and democracy worldwide.