HCC: Small: Understanding, Sensing, and Accommodating Situational Impairments in Mobile Computing

“计算机用户”不再仅仅被认为是一个坐在办公桌前，在一致和舒适的工作环境中的人。今天的典型计算机用户现在手持比他或她的手还小的移动终端，在户外、在阳光下或在雨中，并且可能甚至在运动中，诸如步行或骑车。然而，移动的设备对它们被使用的环境没有深刻的认识，或者这些环境将如何影响它们的用户的行动能力。应对这一挑战是本项目的中心思想。方法是通过科学手段更好地理解，并通过巧妙的感知和设计更好地适应“情境障碍”，这些障碍影响着我们这个时代的新典型计算机用户，即移动的用户。尽管过去已经注意到情境损伤，但很少有研究关注如何感知损伤效应以及如何应对。传感器、推理和用户界面方面的创新有可能在存在情境障碍的情况下改善移动的交互，这表明无障碍是“为每个人服务的”。“这项工作的智力价值包括：（a）对影响人的表现的某些情境性因素进行科学研究;（B）发明和评估旨在解决和减少某些情境性障碍的负面影响的十个项目;（c）开发可重复使用的智能传感技术，以创建这些项目并提高移动的设备的能力;及（d）研究计划对有身体或健康缺陷及残疾人士的“交叉潜力”。 这项工作的更广泛影响包括：（a）推动移动的设备和传感技术的能力变得更加有用和可用，特别是在可能与移动的实地工作者相关的各种情况下;（B）具体表明无障碍研究使每个人受益，所有人在生活中都会受到某种形式的损害;（c）通过减少情境损伤造成的危险，特别是对驾驶汽车的人造成的危险，为公共健康和安全做出贡献，以及（d）开设研究生课程、本科生讲习班和6-12年级科学单元，介绍基于能力的移动的计算设计。

A "computer user" can no longer be thought of only as a person sitting at a desk in a consistent and comfortable working environment. Today's typical computer user is now holding a mobile device smaller than his or her hand, is outdoors, under the sun or in the rain, and perhaps even in motion, such as walking or riding. However, mobile devices have no deep awareness of the environments in which they are being used, or how those environments will affect their users' abilities to act. Addressing this challenge is the central idea of this project. The approach is to better understand, through scientific means, and better accommodate, through clever sensing and design, the "situational impairments" that affect the new-typical computer user for our age, the mobile user. Although situational impairments have been noted in the past, few research efforts have looked at how to sense impairing effects and what to do about them. Innovations in sensors, inference, and user interfaces have the potential to improve mobile interaction in the presence of situational impairments, showing that accessibility is "for everyone." The intellectual merits of this work include: (a) scientific studies of some situationally-impairing factors on human performance; (b) the invention and evaluation of ten projects designed to address and reduce the negative effects of certain situational impairments; (c) the development of clever reusable sensing techniques to enable the creation of those projects and advance the capabilities of mobile devices; and (d) the study of the "crossover potential" of projects to people with physical or health-induced impairments and disabilities. The broader impacts of this work include: (a) pushing the capabilities of mobile devices and sensing technologies to become more useful and usable, especially in varied contexts, which may have relevance to mobile field workers; (b) concretely demonstrating that accessibility research benefits everyone, and that all people incur impairments of one form or another in their lives; (c) contributing to public health and safety by reducing the dangers situational impairments cause, particularly to and from people driving automobiles, and (d) creating a graduate course, an undergraduate workshop, and a grades 6-12 science unit on ability-based design for mobile computing.