Expanding Understanding of the Innovation Process: R&D and Non-R&D Innovation

虽然研发是创新的重要投入，但越来越多的证据表明，创新的很大一部分并非来自正式的研发活动。鉴于创新对经济增长的重要性以及创新在政策辩论中的核心作用，该项目将扩大对创新的研究，将非研发创新纳入其中，并分析非研发创新与基于研发的创新的驱动因素和结果。该项目包括三个关键部分：详细审查和分析新的和传统的创新指标，包括估计非研发创新的比率；知识环境与创新类型（r&d与非r&d）之间的关系建模与实证检验；研究创新类型对参与技术市场意愿的影响，以及发明特质如何影响这种关系。该研究还探讨了科学科学和创新政策中更基本的问题，即创新过程中知识的本质，以及嵌入不同特征的发明可能产生的结果。更广泛的影响：该项目的目标是拓宽对创新的理解，并利用这种更广泛的理解来发展创新理论，改善创新政策的实证基础。研究结果将有助于NSF开发更复杂的创新措施，并对理解非研发创新做出重要贡献，并帮助组织建立与知识环境相关的创新战略。此外，对发明类型的许可意愿的调查结果可能有助于企业制定更好的新技术商业化战略。一个目标是扩大对创新过程的理解，并建立一个经验基础来指导政策制定，以解决这一更广泛的创新活动，包括建立研发决策的新模型、新指标（非研发创新、特质）和创新过程的新结果。

While R&D is an important input to innovation, there is growing evidence that a significant share of innovation is not born from formal R&D activity. Given the importance of innovation for economic growth and the central role of innovation in policy debates, the project will expand the study of innovation to include non-R&D innovations and analyze the drivers and outcomes of non-R&D compared to R&D-based innovations. The project includes three key parts: a detailed review and analysis of new and traditional indicators of innovation, including estimates of the rates of non-R&D innovation; modeling and empirically testing the relation between knowledge environments and innovation type (R&D v. non-R&D); and examining the impact of innovation type on willingness to participate in markets for technology, and how invention idiosyncrasy affects this relationship. The research also addresses more fundamental questions in the science of science and innovation policy on the nature of knowledge in the innovation process and the likely outcomes of inventions embedding different characteristics. Broader Impacts: The project's goal is to broaden the understanding of innovation and leverage this broader understanding in order to develop theories of innovation and improve the empirical foundation for innovation policy. Findings will contribute to ongoing efforts at NSF to develop more sophisticated innovation measures, as well as make important contributions to understandings of non-R&D innovations and helping organizations build their strategies for innovation related to knowledge environments. In addition, the findings on willingness-to-license by invention type may help firms devise better strategies for commercializing their new technologies. One objective is to broaden understanding of the innovation process and build an empirical base to guide policymaking that would address this broader universe of innovative activity, including building new models of the R&D decision, new metrics (non-R&D innovation, idiosyncrasy) and new results on the innovation process.