RSB/Collaborative Research: A Risk-Informed Decision Framework to Achieve Resilient and Sustainable Buildings that Meet Community Objectives

强风，如龙卷风和飓风产生的强风，每年造成数十亿美元的损失，并继续威胁建筑物居住者的安全。 易受这些危害的美国大部分地区也有膨胀土，在那里，板上建筑是司空见惯的。 将研究一种新型的模块化住宅建筑系统，包括预制混凝土构件和轻型木框架子系统，包括地下室，以实现以下目标：（1）为居住者提供生命安全，使他们能够在地库中躲避，（2）利用可回收的可持续回填，这将提高可持续性，同时减少膨胀土对上述结构的破坏-建筑物的坡度部分，以及（3）通过增加预制混凝土元件提供更硬和更坚固的生活区来降低龙卷风和飓风破坏的风险。将通过考虑如何设计建筑物来优化建筑设计，以促进社区的复原力，同时保持规定的可持续性水平，并将房屋拥有成本保持在合理水平。 虽然预制混凝土和轻型木结构构件的综合建筑系统在当前的建筑市场中并不常见，但它代表了一个研究新型系统的机会，这种系统可以在建筑物的寿命期间降低单户和多户家庭的房屋所有权成本，同时从社区的角度提高生活质量。 在这项研究中，使社区弹性的属性将被分解到建筑水平，以促进土壤基础结构建筑围护结构系统的发展，通过一个过程，旨在优化建筑性能方面的弹性和可持续发展的目标。由此产生的建筑物性能标准将考虑到共同的建筑做法，同时平衡社区的偏好和个人的风险认知。优化将涉及与特定的复原力和可持续性属性相关的多个目标和限制。研究假设是，有可能为暴露于一系列自然灾害的个体弹性和可持续建筑制定风险知情性能标准，这些自然灾害可以与社区目标相匹配，建筑属性可以被识别和参数化，以支持这种一般的风险知情决策框架，而且风险-为个别建筑物的这些表现标准提供支持的知情决策框架，将通过针对公众和私人投资以管理生命周期成本。 这项研究将促成以下成果：（1）制定一个决策框架，通过对已确定的社区属性进行分解，使社区复原力目标能够反映在完整建筑系统的设计中，（2）能够将建筑性能标准与社区层面的影响因素联系起来，并整合可持续性指标和决策者的风险感知，（3）创建一个新的概念，混合建设之间的弹性和可持续性目标的平衡，（4）决策框架的应用程序的一系列测试床的问题，以证明其处理不同规模的人口和人口结构的能力，和（5）以学生为中心的学习经验。使社区具有弹性和建筑可持续的属性的分解将使决策框架能够解决单个建筑优化社区目标的矛盾问题，并为创新的建筑系统提供实用的基于性能的标准。 这一方法将促进新一代改进的基于性能的建筑标准，以实现社区复原力和可持续性目标。

Strong winds, such as those produced by tornadoes and hurricanes, have resulted in billions of dollars in damage annually and continue to threaten the safety of building occupants. Much of the United States that is susceptible to these hazards also has expansive soils, where slab-on-grade construction is commonplace. A new type of modular residential building system, consisting of precast concrete elements combined with light-frame wood sub-systems, including a basement, will be investigated to achieve the following objectives: (1) provide life safety for occupants by enabling them to shelter in the basement, (2) utilize recycled sustainable backfill that will improve sustainability while decreasing the chance of expansive soil damage to the above-grade portion of the building, and (3) decrease the risk of tornado and hurricane wind damage by providing a stiffer and stronger living area through the addition of precast concrete elements. The building design will be optimized by considering how a building should be designed to contribute to community resilience while maintaining a prescribed level of sustainability and keeping homeownership costs at a reasonable level. While an integrated building system of precast concrete and light-frame wood components is not the norm in the current construction market, it represents an opportunity to investigate a new type of system that may reduce the cost of single and multi-family home ownership during the life-span of the building and, at the same time, improve the quality of life from a community perspective. In this research, the attributes that make a community resilient will be de-aggregated to the building level to facilitate development of the soil-foundation-structure-building envelope system through a process that seeks to optimize building performance with respect to resilience and sustainability goals. The resulting building performance criteria will take into consideration common construction practices, while balancing community preferences with individual-level risk perceptions. The optimization will involve multiple objectives and constraints associated with specified resilience and sustainability attributes. The research hypotheses are that it is possible to develop risk-informed performance criteria for individual resilient and sustainable buildings exposed to a spectrum of natural hazards that can be matched to community goals, that building attributes can be identified and parameterized to support this general risk-informed decision framework, and that the risk-informed decision framework supporting these performance criteria for individual buildings will enable enhanced community resilience and sustainability by targeting public and private investments to manage life-cycle costs. This research will enable the following outcomes: (1) development of a decision framework that allows community resilience goals to be reflected in the design of complete building systems through de-aggregation of identified community attributes, (2) ability to relate building performance criteria to influencing factors at the community level and integration of sustainability metrics and risk perceptions of decision makers, (3) creation of a new concept for hybridized construction that is balanced between resilience and sustainability objectives, (4) application of the decision framework to a range of test bed problems to demonstrate its ability to handle different size populations and demographic configurations, and (5) a student-centered learning experience. The de-aggregation of the attributes that make a community resilient and a building sustainable will enable a decision framework that addresses the paradoxical issue of single building optimization for community objectives and leads to practical performance-based criteria for an innovative building system. This approach will facilitate a new generation of improved performance-based building standards to achieve community resilience and sustainability goals.