Hearts of Flesh - Not Stone: Does Encountering the Suffering of the Other (ESO) Influence Reconciliation in the Middle of Conflict?

肉体的心而不是石头是指先知以西结书中的一个形象：我要给你们一个新心，把一个新的灵放在你们里面；我要从你们身上除掉你们的铁石心，给你们一个肉心(36：26)。该标题对犹太、基督教和穆斯林文化具有重要意义，使人们深入了解这些项目的核心问题，试图了解个人和群体从较低的和解意愿到更高的和解意愿的运动。第二个核心问题影响社会；我们希望加深对课程学习和遭遇团体如何能够导致更大的和解意愿的理解。该项目分析经历对方苦难的个人和群体，以此作为一种手段，以了解群体如何以及为什么可能或多或少地对和解持开放态度。本研究采用了三种理论/方法论方法：A.经验地遭遇他人的痛苦(ESO)；B.通过社会心理学实验分析ESO；C.通过神学/社会学/政治学学科对ESO进行概念分析。第一种方法(A)在经历之前、期间、之后以及一年后探索ESO，在此期间，参与者将生活在自己的家乡社区。这项研究将仔细审查巴勒斯坦人和以色列犹太人参与者之间可能发生的变化，特别是关于反映和解意愿的两个核心指标：1.接受另一身份需要2.对内部群体和其他群体的集体叙述的看法。第二种方法(B)除了协助经理股票期权本身，还通过社会心理学的模型和实验来解决这个问题，这些模型和实验分析了认可、尊重、接受和授权对和解意愿的影响。最后一种办法(C)更多地是在理论层面上解决和解问题。它考察了群体的信仰、态度、目标、叙述及其相对的权力地位。我们的工作有两个特点。第一，跨学科性(Mittelstra？，2007)，不同学科在制定和测试目标、概念、实验(包括对测量的共同讨论)以及评价和公布结果方面密切合作。其次，该项目得益于神学家和哲学家霍尔德林(1797年)的见解，即和平与和解的要素已经在冲突中间找到(莱纳，2012年)，而不仅仅是在暴力行动停止之后(凯尔曼，2008年)。在以巴冲突等棘手冲突中，这似乎是一条很有希望的和解之路，因为和解的尝试可能是停止暴力的先决条件。

Hearts of Flesh Not Stone is a reference to an image in the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel: I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit in you; I will remove from you your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh (36:26). Significant for Jewish, Christian and Muslim cultures, the title gives insight into the projects central questions seeking to understand the movement of individuals and groups from lesser to greater reconciliation willingness. The second central question impacts society; we want to deepen the understanding on how course studies and encounter groups can lead to greater willingness to reconcile. The project analyses individuals and groups experiencing the suffering of the other as a means for understanding how and why groups may become more or less open to reconciliation. Three theoretical/methodological approaches are used: A. Encountering the suffering of the other (ESO) experientially B. Analyzing the ESO through social psychological experimentation C. Conceptual analysis of the ESO through theological/sociological/political disciplines The first approach (A) explores the ESO before, during and immediately after the experience as well as one year later, during which the participants will live in their own home community. The study will carefully examine the possible changes among the Palestinian and the Jewish Israeli participants, especially regarding two central indicators reflecting willingness to reconcile: 1. acceptance of the other identity needs 2. perceptions of collective narratives of the ingroup and other group. In addition to assisting in the ESO itself, the second approach (B) addresses the question with the models and experiments of social psychology which analyses impact of recognition, respect, acceptance and empowerment on reconciliation willingness. The final approach (C) addresses reconciliation on a more theoretical level. It examines the groups beliefs, attitudes, goals, narratives and their relative power positions. Two principles characterize our work. First, transdisciplinarity (Mittelstraß, 2007) whereby different disciplines work closely in the development and testing of goals, concepts, experiments (including common discussion of measurement), as well as the evaluation and publication of the results. Secondly, the project benefits from an insight of the theologian and philosopher Hölderlin (1797) that elements of peace and reconciliation are already found in the middle of conflicts (Leiner, 2012) and not only after violent actions have stopped (Kelman, 2008). In intractable conflicts such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, this seems to be a promising route to reconciliation because attempts of reconciliation may be a precondition for violence to cease.