Arctic Observing Network: Continuing the Beaufort Gyre Observing System in 2018-2021 to Document and Enhance Understanding of Arctic Freshwater Transformations and Fate

北冰洋的西部蕴藏着大量的淡水（超过23,000立方公里，与所有五大湖的淡水储存量相当）。我们的项目使用船舶和系泊仪器的样本来研究在不同气候条件下控制北冰洋西部淡水数量和其他海洋特性的机制。北极西部系统的变化是由北极和全球气候系统的变化驱动的，同时它们又足够强大，足以影响北半球的天气和气候。我们从这个项目中学到的东西将使我们能够预测北冰洋的变化，这对石油和天然气勘探、航运、航海、旅游和军事行动都很重要。该北极观测网络项目将在2018-2019年继续进行2003年开始的波弗特环流观测系统操作，旨在记录该地区目前正在发生的海冰和海洋参数的前所未有的变化。我们将继续测量温度、盐度、洋流、地球化学示踪剂、海冰吃水和海平面的时间序列，使用底锚系泊和船上测量。2018年夏季，将与来自加拿大和日本的科学家合作，进行覆盖波弗特环流的船上天气采样，分担后勤费用，以增加全年系泊测量。温度、盐度、氧气、营养物质、钡和18O将继续沿着140°W和150°W经度以及~75°N和~78°N纬度的标准位置进行测量，使用船上的CTD/玫瑰结继续从2003年开始的长期时间序列。提供较长时间尺度信息的样品，如氯氟烃和四氯化碳、碱度、总CO2、溶解无机碳和氚/3He，将较少收集。在CTD/玫瑰花形抛投之间，将使用深度为1100 m的一次性CTD，以提高温度和盐度场的空间分辨率。该项目将与国家科学基金会的其他部门协调。美国的北极观测网络，以提高观测活动的有效性和相互联系，并且实地计划将在可能的情况下继续容纳其他国家科学基金会资助的项目。数据将在该项目的网站和美国国家科学基金会的北极数据中心提供。

The western part of the Arctic Ocean contains a large amount of freshwater (more than 23,000 cubic kilometers which is comparable with the volume of fresh water stored in all the Great Lakes). Our project uses samples from ships and moored instruments to study the mechanisms controlling the amount of freshwater and other ocean properties in the western Arctic Ocean under different climate conditions. Changes in the western Arctic system are driven by changes in the Arctic and global climate systems while at the same time they are strong enough to influence both the weather and climate in the Northern Hemisphere. What we learn on this project will allow us to predict changes in the Arctic Ocean and is important for oil and gas exploration, shipping, navigation, tourism, and military operations.This Arctic Observing Network project will continue for 2018-2019 the Beaufort Gyre Observing System operations begun in 2003 designed to document the unprecedented changes in sea ice and ocean parameters that are presently occurring in the region. We will continue measuring time series of temperature, salinity, currents, geochemical tracers, sea ice draft, and sea level using bottom-anchored moorings and shipboard measurements. Ship-based synoptic sampling covering the Beaufort Gyre will take place during the summer of 2018 in collaboration with scientists from Canada and Japan, with shared logistic expenses, to augment the year-round mooring measurements. Temperature, salinity, oxygen, nutrients, barium, and 18O will continue to be measured at standard locations along sections at 140°W and 150°W longitudes, and ~75°N and ~78°N latitudes using a shipboard CTD/rosette to continue the long-term time series started in 2003. Samples that provide information on longer time-scales, such as CFCs and carbon tetrachloride, alkalinity, total CO2, dissolved inorganic carbon, and tritium/3He, will be collected less frequently. Expendable CTDs that profile to 1100 m depth will be used between CTD/rosette casts to increase spatial resolution of the temperature and salinity fields. The project will be coordinated with other elements of the National Science Foundation?s Arctic Observing Network to enhance effectiveness and interconnections of observational activities, and the field program will continue to accommodate other National Science foundation- funded projects when possible. Data will be available on the project website and at the National Science Foundation's Arctic Data Center.