Soviet Nuremberg? Investigations and trials against perpetrators of the Great Terror in Soviet Union 1938-1941 and 1954-1961

在苏联没有类似的纽伦堡审判。纽伦堡审判惩罚了这三个国家的官员。帝国的战争罪和反人类罪，打开了一扇通往纳粹罪犯世界的窗户。在没有政权更迭的情况下，无论是在苏联还是后苏联的俄罗斯共和国，都没有发生过这样的事情。大恐怖的苏联肇事者在很大程度上仍然处于阴影之中。然而，历史上有两个引人入胜但几乎完全未被探索的事件，在这些事件中，苏联的肇事者（主要是秘密警察）受到了审判。本项目的研究对象是典型的，在某些情况下和时期，对1938-1961年期间苏联大恐怖的肇事者进行的调查和诉讼。故事的中心是1938年至1941年在乌克兰发生的所谓的“小贝利亚”（Little Berija Thaw）的调查和诉讼：例如，1939年1月9日，乌克兰特勤处日托米尔（Zhitomir）地区监狱处的前负责人m·z·格鲁兹曼（M. Z. Gluzman）作证说，执行突击队从被处决的人身上取下了金牙和金冠。此外，他报告说，执行程序已得到简化。100人被绑在一起，然后用铁棒殴打头部处决。然而，该项目的调查获得了历史维度，一方面通过将1938-1941年的核心材料与1938年之前（即1936年至1938年夏季）内务人民委员部对托洛茨基阴谋的调查和诉讼进行比较，另一方面通过借鉴1954-1961年在格鲁吉亚对肇事者的调查和诉讼记录。也将斯大林时代违反社会主义法律的行为作为主题。主要论点是：早在1930年代末（1938-1941），苏联就已经为对违反社会主义法律的行为进行广泛的司法调查奠定了基础。澄清意志与政治体制的矛盾相结合，是其显著特征。通过真正的纽伦堡审判进一步敏感，并最终通过去斯大林化成为可能，尽管它是犹豫不决的，但这在50年代在大型（格鲁吉亚，列宁格勒）和小型（全国范围内）犯罪者审判中结合在一起，这些审判基于小贝里亚解冻的法庭记录和新的诉讼程序，有助于实际澄清罪行，最终使斯大林时代数千名受害者的恢复成为可能。启蒙的意愿与欺骗的政治策略相结合是这两个时期的特征。根据新发现的材料（审判文件和特勤局人员的个人文件），可以制定出与国家社会主义德国明显不同的特定苏联犯罪者类型。

There was no equivalent of the Nuremberg trials in the Soviet Union. The Nuremberg trials punished officials of the 3. Reich for war-crimes and crimes against humanity and opened a window onto the world of the Nazi perpetrator. In the absence of regime change, nothing of the kind occurred neither in the Soviet Union nor in the post Soviet Russian Republic. The Soviet perpetrator of the Great Terror remained and remains largely in the shadows. There were, however, two intriguing, yet almost entirely unexplored historical episodes in which Soviet perpetrators, largely secret police personnel, were put on trial. The object of research of this project are the exemplarily and in some cases and periods well recorded investigations and proceedings against perpetrators of the Great Terror in the Soviet Union in the period 1938-1961. The pivot are the investigations and proceedings of the so-called Little Berija Thaw of 1938-1941 in the Ukraine: On January 9, 1939, for example, the former leader of the Prison Division of the Ukranian Secret Service in the region Zhitomir, M. Z. Gluzman, testified that the execution commando had removed gold teeth and crowns from the persons executed. Further, he reported that the execution proceedings were simplified. 100 persons were bound together and then executed through beatings on the head with iron rods. The project's investigation gains its historical dimension, however, on the one hand through a comparison of the core materials from the years 1938-1941 with investigations and proceedings against Trotzkyite conspiracies in the NKVD immediately before 1938, that is, between 1936 and summer 1938 and on the other hand through drawing on investigation and proceedings records against perpetrators from the years 1954-1961 in Georgia, which have also thematized the violations of socialist law during the Stalin era. The main thesis is: Already at the end of the thirties 1938-1941, the ground work for a broad judicial investigation of violations of socialist law had been laid in the Soviet Union. The will for clarification, paired with the contradictions of the political system, is the distinguishing feature. Further sensitised through the genuine Nuremberg Trails and finally made possible by De-Stalinisation, as indecisive as it was, this coalesced in the fifties in large (Georgia, Leningrad) and small (country-wide) perpetrator trials that on the basis of the court records of the Little Berija Thaw and the new proceedings contributed to actual clarification of crimes and finally made possible the rehabilitation of thousands of victims of the Stalin era. A willingness for enlightenment paired with political tactics of deception is the characteristic feature of both periods. On the basis of the newly discovered materials (trial documents and personal documents of secret service personnel) particular Soviet perpetrator typologies can be drawn up that differ significantly from those in National Socialist Germany.