Biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in small vs. large scale agriculture

生物多样性保护不能仅仅依靠保护区，因为可持续保护需要管理包括农业区在内的整个景观的战略。为了应对这一挑战，提出了一个框架，区分保护和生产的一体化（“土地共享”）和分离（“土地节约”）。这两个概念化导致了当前保护生物学中最大的争议之一，称为土地节约与土地共享之争。节约土地战略主张在自然栖息地之外进行农业集约化，因为即使在最有利于野生动物的农业系统中，也有很高比例的野生物种无法生存，因此保护野生土地至关重要。土地分享战略认为，在某些情况下，高生物多样性可以与高产量相结合。把这整个辩论完全放在农业领域，如集约化可耕地农业，在耕地边缘实施的花带（FS）代表了土地节约战略，而有机农业代表了土地共享战略。因此，在拟议的项目中，我将测试的想法，农田生物多样性和相关服务之间的土地共享与节约土地的战略，这可以应用于当地和景观尺度的不同。我假设，当地的土地共享，如以前研究的有机管理是不太重要的，比当地的土地节约与土地分离，通过FS。然而，将其扩大到农场一级，有机农业将变得比传统农业更重要，因为它的覆盖率要高得多。我还假设，农业环境计划的有效性是更高的范围内的土地节约与大的作物领域比在范围内的土地共享与小的领域，并在减少范围内的有机管理覆盖。因此，将在小到大规模的农业景观和沿着有机土地覆盖的正交梯度中选择成对的有机农场和常规农场。每个有机农场将选择两块冬小麦田，而每个传统农场将选择四块冬小麦田，两块有FS，两块没有FS。我计划测量植物和节肢动物的多样性以及相关的生态系统服务，如昆虫捕食，蚜虫寄生和授粉。此外，我计划研究这两种策略如何影响暴露熊蜂群体的食物多样性和觅食时间，以及在本地和景观尺度的野生熊蜂的身体大小。

Biodiversity conservation cannot rely on protected areas alone, as sustainable conservation requires strategies for managing whole landscapes including agricultural areas. To address this challenge, a framework has been proposed that distinguishes between the integration ("land sharing") and separation ("land sparing") of conservation and production. These two conceptualisations have resulted in one of the largest controversies in current conservation biology, termed the land sparing vs. land sharing debate. Land sparing strategy argues for agricultural intensification outside natural habitats, since a high percentage of wild species cannot survive in even the most wildlife-friendly farming systems, making protection of wild land essential. Land sharing strategy argues that there might be situations, where high biodiversity can be coupled with high yield. Putting this whole debate completely in agricultural areas, such as intensive arable agriculture, flower strips (FS) implemented in edges of arable fields represent the land sparing strategy, whereas organic farming represents the land sharing strategy. Therefore, in the proposed project, I will test the idea that farmland biodiversity and associated services differ between a land-sharing vs. land-sparing strategy, which can be applied at local and landscape scales. I hypothesize that local land sharing such as the previously studied organic management is less important than local land sparing with the separation of land via a FS. However, upscaling this to farm level, organic farming will turn to be more important than conventional farming with a few FS due to its much higher cover. I also hypothesize that effectiveness of agri-environment schemes is higher under landscape-wide land sparing with large crop fields than in landscape-wide land sharing with small fields, and under decreasing landscape-wide cover of organic management. Therefore, pairs of organic and conventional farms will be selected in small to large scale agricultural landscapes and along an orthogonal gradient of organic land cover. From each organic farm two winter wheat fields will be selected, whereas from each conventional farm four winter wheat fields will be selected, two with FS and two without FS. I plan to measure the diversity of plants and arthropods and associated ecosystem services, such as insect predation, aphid parasitism and pollination. Furthermore, I plan to study how these two strategies affect to food diversity and foraging time of exposed Bombus terrestris colonies, and body size of wild bumblebees both at local and landscape scales.