Organized violence, new migration patterns, and development: A comparative study in Europe and the Americas

了解国际移徙，特别是被迫移徙，对国家和全球范围的发展和稳定越来越重要。自20世纪90年代以来，移民与发展的关系得到了广泛的研究。然而，在过去二十年中，有组织的暴力已成为移徙与发展之间关系的一个关键因素。在某些情况下，它可以明确地确定为国际移徙进程的助长因素（例如，中美洲和中东的内战）。在其他地方，例如在转型期国家，它可能与移徙有一种掠夺性的关系（例如，移徙官员对移徙者进行有组织的敲诈勒索和贩卖人口犯罪网络）。在抵达国，有组织的暴力表现为非法就业网络、本土恐怖主义组织或政治团体的仇外侵略（例如在美国和德国）。与此同时，这些对暴力和移徙的不同表述反映了影响其结果的与发展有关的因素。有时，有组织的暴力是缺乏可持续发展或争夺资源、政治权力或社会文化影响的武装冲突的结果；在其他情况下，它是缺乏发展或大规模移民的原因。有组织暴力的概念为理解新的移徙模式和发展提供了一个有希望的方法，但其解释潜力尚未得到充分的学术关注。作为一个类别，它涵盖了难以用有组织犯罪、集体暴力和政治暴力等传统概念框架来理解的各种形式的社会暴力。鉴于其对中北美地区以及非洲-中东-欧洲地区的重要性，整合不同区域背景和学术界优势的比较国际研究是有利的。因此，本研究项目将比较和对比各种形式的暴力，特别侧重于有组织的暴力，以及这些暴力如何影响移民模式和发展。研究小组由两个机构合作伙伴组成：lateinamerika - institute of Freie Universität Berlin和Ruhr-Universität Bochum，由Ludger Pries （RUB）和Stephanie sch<e:1> (FU)领导，担任主要研究员。这两个伙伴机构将在这个项目中与墨西哥的姆萨梅希科学院和瓜达拉哈拉大学、土耳其的Koç大学和伊斯坦布尔东方学院以及美国伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校的学者合作。

Understanding international migration and especially forced migration is of increasing importance for development and stability at both national and global scales. Since the 1990s, the nexus of migration and development has been studied extensively. However, during the last two decades organized violence has emerged as a key factor in the relation between migration and development. In some cases, it can be clearly identified as the fueling factor for international migration processes (e.g., civil wars in Central America and the Middle East). Elsewhere for example, in transition countries it might have an extractive relation with migration (e.g., migration officials operating organized extortion against migrants and criminal networks of human trafficking). In arrival countries, organized violence appears as illicit employment networks, homegrown terrorist cells, or xenophobic aggression by political groups (e.g, in the United States and Germany). At the same time, these different articulations of violence and migration reflect development-related factors that shape their outcome. Sometimes organized violence is an outcome of lack of sustainable development or of armed conflicts over resources, political power, or socio-cultural influence; at others it is the cause of absent development or massive migration. The concept of organized violence offers a promising approach for understanding new migration patterns and development, yet one whose explanatory potential has not yet received adequate scholarly attention. As a category, it captures forms of social violence that are difficult to grasp with the conventional conceptual frameworks of organized crime, collective violence, and political violence. Given its importance for the Central and Northern American region as well as the Africa-Middle-East-Europe region, a comparative international research integrating the strengths of different regional contexts and academic communities is propitious. Therefore, this research project will compare and contrast forms of violence, focusing in particular on organized violence, and how these shape migration patterns and development. The research team consists of two institutional partners: Lateinamerika-Institut of Freie Universität Berlin and Ruhr-Universität Bochum, headed by Ludger Pries (RUB) and Stephanie Schütze (FU) as principal investigators. The two partner institutions will collaborate in this project with scholars from El Colegio de México and Universidad de Guadalajara in Mexico, Koç University and Orien-Institut Istanbul in Turkey, and the University of Illinois at Chicago in the United States.