Population structure and segregation analysis of multiple markers in domestic animals and poultry.

分子遗传学的发展使人们对一类新的遗传标记产生了兴趣。DNA指纹技术(DFP)提供了一种比较个体DNA特征的方法，为了获得清晰的DNA指纹，并利用噬菌体M13探针检测鸡的变异，对白色来宏鸡、名古屋鸡、宫川鸡及其F1代的指纹进行了亲子鉴定。F1代的所有谱带均来自亲本之一。对他们的品种(白莱亨鸡、长城鸡、宫川鸡)和合成鸡的DNA指纹分析表明，它们的带型是每个个体特有的。与这些带型的比较表明，品种内的带型比品种间的带型更相似。因此，DNA指纹技术不仅可用于个体和亲子鉴定，还可用于鸡品种的分类。为了阐明不同品种和群体的系统发育关系，采用了mtDNA限制性内切酶酶切(RFLP)图谱。从血液中提取DNA后，进行Southern血液杂交。以Apa I和Eco Rv为限制性内切酶，发现琉球犬、济州犬、锡巴犬、比格犬和德国牧羊犬的DNA图谱存在种内变异。利用4碱基限制性内切酶HINT 1，在比格犬和德国牧羊犬中发现了品种间和品种内变异，在周星犬和指针犬中发现了品种间变异。日本犬、亚洲犬(除日本外)和欧洲犬的mtDNA酶切图谱比较，没有表现出一致的趋势。

Developments in molecular genetics focused interest on a new class of genetic markers. The technique of DNA fingerprinting(DFP)has provided a method of comparing DNA characteristics of individuals.For obtaining clear DNA fingerprint and detecting variation with the bacteriophage M 13 probe in chickens, parentage test was carried out with fingerprints of White Leghorn, Nagoya, Mikawa species and their F1 offspring. All bands of F1 were always originated from either parent. DNA fingerpriuting always of their breeds(White Leghorn, Nagaya, Mikawa)and synthetic chicken showed that their banding pattern is specific to each individual. Comparison with these banding patterns suggested the pattern is more similar within breeds than between breeds. Thus, DNA fingerprinting is useful not only for identifying the individual and parent-offspring but also for classifying the breeds of chickens.To elucidate phylogenetic relationships of various dog breeds and populations mtDNA restriction enzyme cleavage(RFLP)patterns were employed. After DNAs were extracted from blood, southern blood hybridization was performed. The intrabreed variation of the pattern was found in Ryukyu dogs, Chejudo dogs, Siba dogs, Beagles and German Shephereds by Apa I and Eco RV used as restriction enzymes. By use of four-base restriction enzyme Hint 1, the inter-breed and intra-breed variations were found in Beagles and German Shepherds, and the inter-breed variation was found in Chow Chow and pointer. The comparison of mtDNA cleavage patterns among Japanese dogs, Asian(except Japan)dogs and European dogs show no consistent trend among the patterns.