Molecular regulation and ecological consequences of chemodiversity in Solanum dulcamara

白英植物产生大量的甾体配糖生物碱（SGAs），这可能提供对食草动物和病原体的抗性。在第一阶段，我们集中在两个叶SGA化学型：植物与SGAs是不饱和的C5，6键（U）和那些生产也饱和（S）SGAs。我们的目的是确定这些SGA化学型的化学多样性的额外水平，以及研究生态后果。利用LC-qTOF-MS分析，我们发现U和S化学型的根代谢谱比它们的叶代谢谱更相似。初生根和不定根含有不同的SGAs亚群，并且像花一样，也产生含氧糖类固醇。使用合成类固醇化合物，我们现在正在测试这些小的结构差异如何影响生物测定中的食草动物。用P1、P5和P7设计了一个普通花园实验。操纵U和S的化学型频率显示，个人的化学型和情节化学多样性影响水果和种子生产。这些数据将与P9共享，用于模拟进化轨迹。与P8一起，我们组装并注释了一种S化学型的基因组。结合昆虫和茉莉酸诱导实验，我们鉴定了参与SGAs和萜烯脱氢酶的调控、生物合成和运输的基因。在第二阶段，我们的目标是了解根的化学多样性如何影响地下的相互作用，以及个体内的化学多样性如何受到分子调控。我们将扩大我们的叶，根和花的代谢产物谱的比较分析，通过增加现场收集的个人从P3。使用由P10开发的R包，我们将分析根总体上是否具有比P1、P3和P5中的叶或花更低的种内化学多样性水平。我们建议将概念性论文中获得的知识与研究单元的其他项目相结合，以探索“如何定义单个化学型？”的基本问题。使用代表对比根代谢产物谱的子集，我们将测试根化学多样性如何影响与根食草动物，线虫和有益微生物的相互作用（与P7）。此外，我们将评估这些不同的地下相互作用将如何影响叶代谢产物和地上食草动物。植物和食草动物的性能数据将与P9共享，用于建模。最后，与P8，我们将使用在第一阶段产生的基因组数据来分析植物内器官之间的SGAs和萜类化合物的个体内变异的分子调控。我们将通过提供元素（C，N，P）分析来参与COR化学多样性可塑性实验。

Solanum dulcamara plants produce a large variety of steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs), which may provide resistance to herbivores and pathogens. In the first phase, we focused on two leaf SGA chemotypes: plants with SGAs that are unsaturated at the C5,6 bond (U) and those producing also saturated (S) SGAs. Our aim was to identify additional levels of chemodiversity in these SGA chemotypes as well as to study the ecological consequences. Using LC-qTOF-MS analysis, we found that root metabolic profiles of U and S chemotypes are more similar than those of their leaves. Primary and adventitious roots contain different subsets of SGAs, and, like flowers, also produce oxygenated glycosteroids. Using synthetic steroidal compounds, we are now testing how these small structural differences affect herbivores in bioassays. A common garden experiment was designed with P1, P5 and P7. Manipulating U and S chemotype frequencies revealed that both individual chemotype and plot chemodiversity affected fruit and seed production. These data will be shared with P9 for modelling evolutionary trajectories. Together with P8 we assembled and annotated the genome of one S chemotype. Combined with herbivore and jasmonate induction experiments, we identified genes involved in the regulation, biosynthesis and transport of SGAs as well as terpene synthases. In a second phase, we aim to understand how root chemodiversity influences belowground interactions and how intra-individual chemodiversity is molecularly regulated. We will expand our comparative analyses of leaf, root and flower metabolite profiles by adding field-collected individuals from P3. Using the R-package developed by P10, we will analyse whether roots overall have lower levels of intraspecific chemodiversity than leaves or flowers as in P1, P3 and P5. We propose to synthesise the knowledge gained in a conceptual paper with the other projects in the Research Unit to explore the fundamental question of “how to define an individual chemotype?”. Using a sub-set representing contrasting root metabolite profiles, we will test how root chemodiversity impacts interactions with root herbivores, nematodes and beneficial microbes (with P7). In addition, we will assess how these different belowground interactions will impact leaf metabolite profiles and aboveground herbivores. The plant and herbivore performance data will be shared with P9 for modelling. Finally, with P8 we will use the genomic data generated in the first phase to analyse the molecular regulation of intra-individual variation in SGAs and terpenoids among organs within a plant. We will participate in the COR chemodiversity-plasticity experiment by providing elemental (C, N, P) analyses.