Organizational Culture and Environmental Adaptations of Private Universities and Colleges in Japan

本研究的最终目的是阐明日本大学和学院的多样性和独特性。首先，353所大学和学院根据其宗教性质进行分类。天主教占3.7%，新教占10.5%，佛教占7.9%，其他宗教占0.8%，其余为世俗宗教占77.1%。22.7%的机构是从专科学校升格而来的。作为大学或学院开始的组织结构以及后来的发展沿着资助机构的宗教信仰而变化。许多天主教机构开始作为女子文理学院，并保留其原有的组织形式。但新教在其原始形式（部门类型，单一/男女同校）更多样化，并在长期变化。佛教更加多样化和多变。许多佛教女子学院已转变为男女同校的大学。私立大学和学院的女教师的职业沿着宗教不同而不同。在天主教机构中，议员关系是封闭的，而在新教机构中则是开放的。佛教机构由外部宗教资助机构控制。日本私立大学最显著的特点是教师比例高（31.2%），远高于美国，而且这一比例还在逐渐增加。本文对日本私立大学的官方使命进行了内容分析。日本私立高中的类型主要有“新进步教育”、“宗教教育”、“产业社会教育”、“新时代教育”、“创造教育”、“自由教育”等七种。他们是申请人的潜在招聘来源。

The final objective of this study is to clarefy the diversitiness and uniqueness of Japanese universities and colleges. At first, 353 universities and colleges are classified according to its religioness. Catholic are 3.7%, protestant are 10.5%, buddism are 7.9%, other religions are 0.8%, and secular are rest 77.1%. 22.7% of total institutions are elevated from junior colleges status.Organizational structures at the starting as a university or college as well as their later development vary along religioness of funding body. Many catholic institutions start as liberal arts colleges for women, and preserve its original organizational forms. But protestant are more diverse in its original forms (type of departments, single/co-education) and changable in long time. Buddism are much more diverse and changable. Many buddism colleges for women have shift to co-educational colleges and universities.Occupations of trustess of private universities and colleges are different along religioness. The menbership are close in catholic institutions, but rather open in protestant. Buddism institutions are controlled by external religious funding bodys. The most distinguished feature in Japanese private institutions are high proportion of faculty (31.2%) , much higher than US.And this figure growing gradually.Content analysis on officially stated missions of the institution are done. The are seven types as follwes ; "New Progressive Education", "Religion", "Industry-Social", "New Era Orientation", "Creativity Orientation", "Liberal Education".About half of Japanese private high schools are attached to universities and colleges. They are potential recruit sources of applicants to them.