Symbiosis and diversity in the biosystem of Madagascar

马达加斯加在很长的地质时期内一直是一个孤立的岛屿，并发展了一个独特的动物群，具有高度的物种丰富性和地方性。进行了分子系统发育研究，以澄清马达加斯加几个特有群体的起源和演变;（1）马达加斯加狐猴科（Lemuridae）、手盔狐猴科（Cheirogaleidae）、大狐猴科（Indridae）和多角狐猴科（Dauvoniidae）与非洲和亚洲其他原猴类的系统发育关系;（2）Tenrecidae包括Tenrecinae、Geogalinae、Oryzorictinae（3）马达加斯加特有蛙科Mantellidae相对于树蛙科Rhacophoridae的系统发育位置（树蛙）和其他青蛙，（4）马达加斯加猴面包树特有种与非洲和澳大利亚猴面包树属其它种的系统发育关系。这些马拉加人的起源 ...更多信息 对马达加斯加6种森林植被类型中各种开花植物的访花者进行了调查。在整个马达加斯加岛上，马达加斯加蜜蜂是最具优势的蜜蜂。鸟类、飞蛾和甲壳虫也被记录为各种植物物种的传粉者。在各种植物上观察到长舌扁蠓的寄生特征。叶下珠属植物与细蛾属昆虫存在专性传粉互惠关系。为了解马达加斯加岛人与自然的相互关系，对马达加斯加岛的海藻和红树林藻类进行了区系调查。通过对隐藻内共生现象的研究，阐明了宿主与共生体细胞融合后，共生体基因转移、整合、重排和消失的遗传学和细胞学机制。为了阐明塔纳拉纳人在马达加斯加西南部干旱地区的生存策略，对塔纳拉纳人进行了生态人类学研究。少

Madagascar has been an isolated island for a long geological time, and has developed a unique fauna with a high level of combined species richness and endemism. Molecular phylogenetic studies were carried out in order to clarify the origins and evolution of several endemic groups of Madagascar ; (1)phylogenetic relationships among Malagasy prosimians (lemurs) including Lemuridae, Cheirogaleidae, Indridae, and Daubentoniidae relative to other prosimians in Africa and Asia, (2)phylogenetic relationships among Tenrecidae including Tenrecinae, Geogalinae, Oryzorictinae (Microgale, Oryzorictes, and Limnogale), and their African relatives such as Potamogale and Micropotamogale, (3)phylogenetic position of the Malagasy endemic frogs, the family Mantellidae, relative to Rhacophoridae (tree frogs) and other frogs, and (4)phylogenetic relationships among endemic Malagasy baobab (Adansonia) species relative to other Adansonia species in Africa and Australia. The origins of these groups of Malagas … More y organisms were attributed either to vicariance due to continental drift or trans-oceanic migration.Flower visitors of various flowering plants at six vegetation types of forests in Madagascar were surveyed. The Madagascar honeybee was most dominant all over the Madagascar. Birds, moths and beatles were also recorded as pollinators on various plant species. Pollination by long-tongued tipulid midges was characteristically observed on various plants. Obligate pollination mutualism with gracillariid moths was suggested in Phyllanthus plants. This is the first record of obligate pollination mutualism in Phyllanthaceae from Madagascar.To accumulate scientific information about the interrelationship between nature and human in Madagascar, floristic survey of seaweeds and mangrove algae was carried out. Endosymbiosis of cryptomonads was investigated to elucidate the genetical and cytological mechanisms how transfer, unify, re-arrange and disappear the genes derived from symbiont after cell fusion between the host and symbiont. An ecological anthropology study was conducted among the Tanalana for elucidating their survival strategies in the arid land of southwest Madagascar. Less