Structure and function of the genes specific for reproductive and vegetative organs i n Rosaceae (apple and rose) and molecular breeding

（1）对苹果雌蕊S位点基因（Si-和Sz-RNase）进行了掺杂和测序。艾尔蒂瓦·麦金托什我们建立了S等位基因特异性聚合酶链反应（PCR）-酶切方法来鉴定S等位基因。应用该方法对310个苹果品种、品种和选系的S基因型进行了分析。由于部分苹果品种的亲本未知，部分品种的亲本不确定，利用SSR标记对8个苹果栽培品种的亲本进行了准确的定位。（2）为了使日本的S-核糖核酸酶等位基因的字母命名与欧洲的数字命名相统一，我们阐明了S_<a^->，S_<B^->，S_<c^->，S_<d^->，S_<e^->，S_<f^->，S_<g^->，S_<h^->，S_<i^->，S_<z^->-核糖核酸酶等位基因分别对应于S_<2^->，S_<3^->，S_<9^->、S_<7^->、S_<28^->、S_<1^->、S_<20^->、S_<24^->、S_<10^->和S_<25^->-RNase等位基因。我们解决了S-RNase等位基因数字命名的混乱，并建立了标准化的S-RNase等位基因 ...更多信息 苹果的名称(3)We从野苹果（Malus x domesirca Borkh）中分离到3个与B类MADS-box蛋白同源的cDNA克隆（MdiPI、MdTM 6和MdiMADS 13）。印度MdTM 6和MdiMADS 13基因表现出相同的表达模式，并且接近于TM 6谱系成员。这是首次在一株植物中同时存在两个TM 6谱系基因。生产具有无花瓣花和单性结实果实的转基因苹果正在进行中。(4)We分离的玫瑰MADS盒基因“MASAKO BP、B3和euB 3”与B类花鉴定基因同源。利用在CaMV 35 S启动子控制下异位表达MASAKO BP和B3或MASAKO BP和euB 3的转基因拟南芥进行功能分析，产生具有萼片到花瓣和雌蕊到雄蕊或萼片到花瓣的花，表明MASAKO BP和B3以及MASAKO B3和euB 3参与玫瑰花瓣和雄蕊的鉴定。（5）在CaMV 35 S启动子控制下，异位表达与C类花鉴定基因同源的MADS-box基因MASAKO C1和D1的转基因植株在拟南芥中产生了萼片-心皮和花瓣-雄蕊转化的花，在猪蓝草中产生了萼片-cazpel转化的花。这些结果表明，这两个基因具有相似的功能，并参与雄蕊和心皮的身份在玫瑰。(6)We分离的玫瑰MADS盒基因“MASAKO S1和S3”与E类花器官身份基因同源。我们发现MASAKO S1和S3分别与SEPALLATA（SEP）1/2和3同源。MASAKO S1和S3绿色花中的表达模式和cDNA结构与玫瑰正常花中的表达模式和cDNA结构相同，表明绿色花中的同源异型变化可能不仅仅发展为MADS-box基因的突变。少

(1)The S-locus genes (Si-and Sz-RNase) in the pistil were doped and sequenced from the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) ailtivar McIntosh. We developed S-allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -digestion method for identification the S-alleles. Using the method, we analyzed S-genotype of 310 apple species, cultivars and selections. As the parents of the some of the apple cultivars were unknown and others were uncertain, we detennined accurate parents of eight apple cult ivars using SSR markers.(2)For unification of the alphabetical S-RNase allele designation in Japan to the European numerical designations, we clarified that the S_<a^->, S_<b^->, S_<c^->, S_<d^->, S_<e^->, S_<f^->, S_<g^->, S_<h^->, S_<i^->, S_<z^->-RNase alleles, respectively, to the S_<2^->, S_<3^->, S_<9^->, S_<7^->, S_<28^->, S_<1^->, S_<20^->, S_<24^->, S_<10^-> and S_<25^->-RNase allele. We resolved the confusion of the numerical S-RNase allele designations, and established the standardized S-RNase allele … More designation of apple.(3)We isolated three cDNA clones (MdiPI, MdTM6 and MdiMADS13) homologous to class-B MADS-box protein from Malus x domesirca Borkh. 'Indo'. MdTM6 and MdiMADS13 genes showed the same expression patterns, and are close to TM6 lineage members. This is the first case of two TM6 lineage genes existing in one plant. Producing transgenic apple possessing apetalous flowers and parthenocarpic fruit is under propressing.(4)We isolated rose MADS-box genes 'MASAKO BP, B3 and euB3' homologous to class-B floral identity genes. Functional analyses using transgenic Arabidopsis with ectopically expressed MASAKO BP and B3 or MASAKO BP and euB3 under the control of CaMV35S promoter produced flowers with sepal-to-petal and pistil-to-stamen or sepals-to-petals, suggesting that MASAKO BP and B3, and MASAKO B3 and euB3 are involved in petal and stamen identification in rose.(5)The transgenic plants with ectopically expressed rose MADS -box genes 'MASAKO C1 and D1' homologous to class-C floral identity genes under the control of CaMV35S promoter produced flowers with sepa1-to-carpel and petal-to-stamen transformation in Arabidopsis and sepal-to-cazpel transformation in Torenia. These results suggest that both genes have similar function and are involved in stamen and carpel identity in the rose.(6)We isolated Rose MADS-box genes 'MASAKO S1 and S3' homologous to class-E floral organ identity genes. We found that MASAKO S1 and S3 are homologues to SEPALLATA (SEP)1/2 and 3, respectively. The expression patterns and cDNA structures of MASAKO S1 and S3 in the green rose flower were the same as those in the normal flower of Rosa rugasa, suggesting that homeotic changes in the green rose flower might not develop into mutations of the MADS-box genes alone. Less