International Comparison of Emission and Exposure of Polycydic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Cities Surrounding Pan-Japan Sea

在冬季和夏季，在泛日本海国家的七个城市，即中国沈阳、俄罗斯符拉迪沃斯托克、韩国首尔、北九州、金泽、东京和日本札幌收集了空气中的颗粒物。此外，还收集了来自家庭燃煤炉和柴油发动机汽车的颗粒物。采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）和化学发光缺陷分别分析了颗粒提取物中的9种多环芳烃（PAHs）、荧光蒽、芘（Pyx）、苯并[a]蒽、芘、苯并[b]荧光蒽、苯并[k]荧光蒽、苯并[a]芘、苯并[hi]苝和茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘，以及4种硝基多环芳烃（NPAHs）、1,3-、1,6-、1,8-二硝基芘和1-硝基芘（1- np）。沈阳和符拉迪沃斯托克的大气多环芳烃平均浓度显著高于首尔、东京、札幌、北九州和金泽。除北九州外，各城市大气中NPAHs的平均浓度基本一致。各城市的PAR和NPAH浓度存在明显的季节变化（冬季和夏季）。通过聚类分析和因子分析，确定了3个较大的聚类，研究了城市大气PAHs和NPAHs的主要贡献源。此外，沈阳、符拉迪沃斯托克和北九州的1-Np / Pyr浓度比明显较小，且与煤炉废气中颗粒物的浓度比接近。但是，首尔、金泽、东京、札幌等城市的空气污染指数更大，与柴油汽车尾气中的颗粒物指数接近。我们的研究结果表明，1-Np与Pyr的浓度比是一个有用的指标，反映了柴油发动机车辆和燃煤系统对城市空气中颗粒物的贡献。

Airborne particulates were collected in seven cities in the Pan-Japan Sea countries, Shenyang (China), Vladivostok (Russia), Seoul (South Korea), Kitakyushu, Kanazawa, Tokyo and Sapporo (Japan), in winter and summer. In addition, particulates from domestic coal-burning stoves and particulates from diesel-engine automobiles were collected. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fluoranthene, pyrene (Pyx), benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and four nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs), 1,3-, 1,6-, 1,8-dinitropyrenes, and 1-nitropyrenes (1-Np) in the extracts from the particulates were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence and chemiluminescence defections, respectively. The mean atmospheric concentrations of PAHs in Shenyang and Vladivostok were substantially higher than those in Seoul, Tokyo, Sapporo, Kitakyushu and Kanazawa. However, the mean atmospheric concentrations of NPAHs were at the same levels in every city except for Kitakyushu. Obvious seasonal variations (winter > summer) in the PAR and NPAH concentrations were observed in each city. In order to study the major contributors of atmospheric PAHs and NPAHs in these cities, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used and three large clusters were identified. Furthermore, the concentration ratios of 1-Np to Pyr were significantly smaller in Shenyang, Vladivostok and Kitakyushu and the values were close to those of particulates in the exhaust from coal stoves. However, the ratios were larger in Seoul, Kanazawa, Tokyo and Sapporo and the values were close to those of particulates in the exhaust from diesel-engine automobiles. Our results show that the concentration ratio of 1-Np to Pyr is an useful indicator of the contributions made by diesel-engine vehicles and coal combustion systems to particulates in urban air.